Phillip M. Duxbury, DEAN
Undergraduate students in the College of Natural Science may opt for either a Bachelor of Science or a Bachelor of Arts degree program.
The college offers programs of study culminating in a bachelor's degree with either a departmental or an interdepartmental major. All programs are liberal in character and involve a specified minimum of nonscience credits in addition to those needed to meet integrative studies requirements. Electives in both major and nonmajor areas make it possible to mold a program of interest and challenge for each student.
The departmental major features study in a single discipline and is generally considered the proper choice for concentrated study in a limited area. A departmental major consists of not fewer than 27 nor more than 79 credits in courses recognized by the college as applicable to the major. Specific major requirements are given in the sections that follow. Departmental majors are available through Lyman Briggs College as coordinate majors.
The interdepartmental major features study in several disciplines with no single discipline being dominant and is generally considered the proper choice if breadth of background in several fields of the natural sciences is desired. The college offers interdepartmental majors: biological science–secondary education, human biology, and physical science-secondary education. In addition, the College of Education, in cooperation with the College of Natural Science, offers an integrated science teaching major for students accepted in elementary education, as well as an integrated science endorsement for secondary education science majors. For further information, refer to the section on MSU SUBJECT MATTER TEACHING MAJORS AND MINORS FOR TEACHER PREPARATION AND CERTIFICATION in the Department of Teacher Education section of the catalog. The interdepartmental major consists of a minimum of 45 credits (biological science) or 50 credits (physical science) and not more than 67 credits in courses recognized by the college as applicable toward the major. Interdepartmental majors are available through Lyman Briggs College as coordinate majors. Interdisciplinary majors are also available through Lyman Briggs College.
Students who meet the general requirements for admission to the University shown in the Undergraduate Education section of this catalog and who are not enrolled in Lyman Briggs College are enrolled in the Neighborhood Student Success Collaborative but may declare a major preference in the College of Natural Science and be assigned an academic advisor in this college. All programs in the biological sciences, physical sciences, and mathematics presume a minimum of two and one–half entrance units in mathematics (one and one–half units of algebra and one unit of geometry).
Many major programs which lead to a Bachelor of Science degree require a proficiency greater than the College established minimum in one, or more, of the following fields: chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Also, for either the Bachelor of Arts or the Bachelor of Science degree, when two or more options exist for the fulfillment of any College— established requirement, one of the options may be specified as a major requirement. The specific requirements for each major program are given in the sections that follow.
Chemistry and mathematics requirements should be completed to the fullest extent possible during the freshman and sophomore years. Bachelor of Science candidates with a major in a physical science should complete the physics requirement during the sophomore year. Students with a major in a biological science may postpone completion of the physics requirement until the junior year, but should complete Biological Science 161, 162 by the end of the sophomore year. The biology courses should be completed during the freshman year because they are prerequisites to most of the courses offered by the departments in the biological sciences. All students should complete the University's Tier I writing requirement during the freshman year.
The College of Natural Science encourages honors students to develop distinctive undergraduate programs in their chosen fields. All qualified students in the College may also be members of the Honors College. A member of the faculty is selected to serve as advisor to Honors College students in each major field, and it is the advisor's responsibility to help the student plan a rigorous and balanced program which will also reflect the student's special interests and competencies.
The departments of the college annually offer numerous honors opportunities at both introductory and advanced levels. At the introductory level these consist chiefly of regularly offered honors courses. Honors options are also available in many other courses. At the advanced level honors students are encouraged to undertake faculty–guided independent research in their fields of specialization. These honors experiences are provided mainly, but not exclusively, for Honors College students. In addition, honors undergraduates are encouraged, when appropriate, to undertake work at the graduate level.
The Charles Drew Science Scholars program was created to help students currently underrepresented in the sciences achieve the best possible preparation for pursuing their educational goals in science and mathematics. The program is designed to: a) assist students with the transition from high school to college and b) to expose them to the vast number of career opportunities in the sciences.
These goals are attained, in part, through problem-solving courses, specially designed courses in mathematics, and designated sections of biology and chemistry courses. In addition, academic coaching and tutoring is available and students are exposed to both successful undergraduate and graduate role models.
The purpose of this program is, through advising and focused academic support, to help interested and motivated students develop the foundation for successful careers in science. Students are encouraged to contact the College of Natural Science for additional information about this program.
All professional health colleges and programs have established minimum requirements in selected areas of knowledge for admission (hereafter referred to as admission requirements). Although fulfilling these requirements does not in itself guarantee admission, their fulfillment is a necessary first step for those who aspire to enter a professional health college or program. At Michigan State University, students can take the courses necessary to meet the admission requirements for professional health colleges and programs. Since the admission requirements of various professional health colleges and programs vary, it is not feasible to establish a single undergraduate degree program that satisfies the admission requirements of all colleges or programs leading to a given profession. However, for the fields of dentistry, allopathic and osteopathic medicine, chiropractic medicine, physical therapy, occupational therapy, physician assistant/associate, podiatry, public health, pharmacy, genetic counseling, and optometry, the pre-health advisors in the College of Natural Science can assist students in planning their coursework to meet the minimum admission requirements of most professional colleges in a field while also meeting the requirements for their chosen bachelor’s degree program in four years. Admission requirements for professional health colleges and programs can change, and it is the student’s responsibility to determine whether the planned courses meet the minimum admission requirements of a particular professional health college or program at the time of their application.
The following disciplinary majors leading to bachelor's degrees in the College of Natural Science are available for teacher certification: chemistry, integrated science-secondary education, mathematics-secondary education. The following disciplinary minors in the College of Natural Science are also available for teacher certification: biology, chemistry, earth science, mathematics, and physics.
Students interested in elementary teacher certification in science should reference the section on MSU SUBJECT MATTER TEACHING MAJORS AND MINORS FOR TEACHER PREPARATION AND CERTIFICATION in the Department of Teacher Education section of this catalog.
Students who elect a chemistry disciplinary major or the chemistry disciplinary minor must contact the Department of Chemistry.Students who elect a integrated science-secondary education disciplinary major must contact the College of Natural Science.Students who elect a mathematics-secondary education disciplinary major or the mathematics-secondary education disciplinary minor must contact the Department of Mathematics.
For additional information, refer to the statements on the disciplinary majors referenced above and to the statement on TEACHER CERTIFICATION in the Department of Teacher Education section of this catalog.
The dual degree program provides an opportunity for academically talented undergraduate students who are enrolled in Bachelor of Science degree programs in the College of Natural Science to enroll in graduate courses and conduct research toward the Master of Science degree while completing the last two years of their bachelor's degree programs.
All of the Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degree programs in the College of Natural Science are available for inclusion in the dual degree program. Although most of the Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degree programs are administered by departments and schools within the college, a few such programs are administered by the college. During the second semester of the sophomore year, the student should contact the unit or units that administer the Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degree programs that the student plans to pursue while enrolled in the dual degree program and apply for admission to those programs.
A student who is accepted into the dual degree program can be admitted to both the Bachelor of Science degree program and the Master of Science degree program as early as the beginning of the junior year. Upon completion of the requirements for both the Bachelor of Science degree and the Master of Science degree, both degrees are awarded simultaneously. The Master of Science degree will not be awarded until the student has completed the requirements for the Bachelor of Science degree.
To be admitted to the dual degree program, an applicant must:
Departments and schools may specify additional requirements for admission to the dual degree program. The student should contact the appropriate department or school for additional information.
Within the first semester of enrollment in the dual degree program, the student's master's advisor must be identified and the student's master's guidance committee must be established. The advisor and the committee assist the student in developing a program of study for the Master of Science degree.
The student's program of study must be approved by the committee.
A student who is admitted to the dual degree program must:
Departments and schools may specify additional requirements for the dual degree program. The student should contact the appropriate department or school for additional information.
The graduate programs of the College of Natural Science provide for advanced study with emphasis either in a single discipline or in the multidisciplinary areas of the biological sciences and the physical sciences. The graduate programs are designed to develop independent effort, encourage creative thinking, and educate the student in the fundamentals of basic research.
The programs of study lead to one of the following degrees: Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Arts for Teachers, and Doctor of Philosophy. The specific degrees available and the programs leading to them for each discipline are given in the departmental or program listing.
Each student's program of study is arranged to suit individual needs, the only restriction being that the final program must conform to one of the general patterns approved by the faculty. The general university requirements for these degrees are given in the Graduate Education section of this catalog. A department or college may specify additional requirements. Most of the departments in the college require participation in teaching during the course of the graduate program.
Students who are enrolled in doctoral degree programs in departments and programs emphasizing environmental science and policy may elect the Dual Major in Environmental Science and Policy. For additional information, refer to the Dual Major in Environmental Science and Policy statement in the College of Social Science section of this catalog.Students who are enrolled in doctoral degree programs in departments and programs emphasizing environmental and integrative toxicological sciences may elect the Dual Major in Environmental and Integrative Toxicological Sciences. For additional information, refer to the Dual Major in Environmental and Integrative Toxicological Sciences statement in the College of Natural Science section of this catalog.Students who are enrolled in master’s and doctoral degree programs in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, the College of Natural Science, and the College of Veterinary Medicine may elect the Graduate Specialization in Fish and Wildlife Disease Ecology and Conservation Medicine. For additional information, refer to the statement on Graduate Specialization in Fish and Wildlife Disease Ecology and Conservation Medicine in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources section of this catalog.
Students seeking a doctoral degree in biochemistry and molecular biology, cell and molecular biology, genetics and genome sciences, microbiology and molecular genetics, pharmacology and toxicology, or physiology should apply through the BioMolecular Science Gateway - First Year for admission to any of these Ph.D. programs. Students should select the Ph.D. program in which they have the greatest interest. During the first two semesters of enrollment, students will have the opportunity to choose and complete at least four courses in appropriate disciplinary subjects. In the spring semester of the first year, they will have the opportunity to continue with the Ph.D. program initially selected or change to one of the other five programs which aligns most closely with their educational goals. For additional information about the individual Ph.D. programs, refer to the statements on the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Physiology in the College of Natural Science section of this catalog, statements on the programs in Cell and Molecular Biology and Genetics in the College of Natural Science section of this catalog, and statement on the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the College of Osteopathic Medicine section of this catalog.
The Master of Arts for Teachers degree is designed to provide an enriching educational experience for teachers who are interested in a program of graduate study with less specialization in a science area than is common in most master's degree programs. The degree is for teachers who wish to take graduate work in a subject–matter area but who do not anticipate continuation of graduate study beyond the master's level. However, the student who holds the Master of Arts for Teachers degree may, upon the satisfactory completion of additional work as recommended by the appropriate academic unit, become eligible for admission to a doctoral program.
The degree may be earned with a major in chemistry or geological sciences.
In addition to meeting the requirements of the University as described in the Graduate Education section of this catalog, students must meet the requirements specified below.
Admission
An applicant for admission to the Master of Arts for Teachers program must be a senior in or a graduate of an institution having substantially the same requirements for the bachelor's degree as Michigan State University, and possess, or be a candidate for, a teacher's certificate. Admission is recommended by the director of the program in which admission is sought, with approval of the Dean of the College of Natural Science.
Requirements for the Master of Arts for Teachers Degree
An appropriate course of study is planned with the candidate by an advisor from the academic unit in the College of Natural Science to which the candidate has been admitted. The minimum number of credits required for the degree is 30, in addition to any credits which must be taken to complete requirements for provisional teacher certification. A comprehensive written or oral examination may be required. A thesis is usually not required, but should one be required, a maximum of 10 semester credits may be allotted for it. The student must complete the requirements for provisional teacher certification before the degree may be granted.
Academic Standards
The minimum standard is a 3.00 grade–point average. Standards may be set higher than the minimum by the academic unit responsible for the degree program. The accumulation of grades below 3.0 in more than three courses of 3 or more credits each, or deferreds in more than three courses of 3 or more credits each at any given time, or a combination of the above in excess of four courses may remove the student from candidacy for the degree. A student who fails to meet the academic standards for any program may, on recommendation of the director, be required by the dean to withdraw at the end of the semester.
Residence
The minimum residence requirement is 8 credits on campus. Some programs may require more.
Time Limit
The time limit for the completion of the Master of Arts for Teachers degree is six years from the beginning of the first semester in which credit was earned toward the degree.
The Master of Science is the conventional degree for all majors in the College of Natural Science. The Master of Arts may be conferred upon student request and College approval in the Department of Statistics and Probability.
Admission to provisional status may be used to indicate incomplete records, incomplete interpretation of available records, a grade–point average below 3.00 but with other evidence of good capacity, or minor deficiencies in subject matter.
Students may be transferred from one classification to another at any time by the dean, normally upon the recommendation of the department.
The college as a whole does not require an entrance examination. However, most departments expect students to provide Graduate Record Examination General Test scores.
Requirements for the Master of Science or Master of Arts Degree
For Plan A, a maximum of 15 credits of master's thesis research may be permitted.
The minimum standard is a 3.00 grade–point average. Standards may be set higher than the minimum by the academic unit responsible for the degree program. The accumulation of grades below 3.0 in more than three courses of 3 or more credits each, or deferreds in more than three courses of 3 or more credits each at any given time, or a combination of the above in excess of four courses automatically removes the student from candidacy for the degree. A student who fails to meet the academic standards for any program may, on recommendation of the director, be required by the dean to withdraw at the end of any semester.
The minimum residence requirement is 8 credits on campus. A program may require more.
The time limit for completion of the master's degree is six years from the beginning of the first semester in which credit was earned toward the degree.
The Doctor of Philosophy degree is awarded for an original contribution to scientific knowledge and high attainment of scholarship in the mathematical or natural sciences. This degree, with its emphasis on research in the frontiers of science, is the traditional terminal degree in the College of Natural Science.
In addition to meeting the requirements of the university as described in the Graduate Education section of this catalog, students must meet the requirements specified below.
Admission may be granted to a student who has a record of high scholastic attainment and demonstrated research potential acceptable to the department or program and to the college. A master's degree in an appropriate subject–matter field may be required, but the completion of a master's degree is not a guarantee of admission. Most programs require the applicant to submit Graduate Record Examination General Test scores; many also require the Graduate Record Examination Subject Test in the area of specialization.
Admission to provisional status may be used to indicate incomplete records, incomplete interpretation of available records, grade–point average below 3.00 but with additional evidence of good capacity, or minor deficiencies in subject matter.
The minimum standard is a 3.00 grade–point average. Standards may be set higher than the minimum by the academic unit responsible for the degree program. The accumulation of grades below 3.0 in more than three courses of 3 or more credits each, or deferreds in more than three courses of 3 or more credits each at any given time, or a combination of the above in excess of four courses automatically removes the student from candidacy for the degree.
A student who fails to meet the academic standards for any program may, on recommendation of the director, be required by the dean to withdraw at the end of any semester.
In some programs a student may be permitted to enter the doctoral program without taking a master's degree. In such cases 30 semester credits of approved work are considered the equivalent of the master's degree, and the minimum residence requirement for the combined program is three semesters, involving at least 4 credits of graduate work each semester.
The Master of Science Degree in Mathematics Education prepares researchers and leaders to address critical issues in mathematics education by developing analytical perspectives on current issues in mathematics education.In addition to meeting the requirements of the university, students must meet the requirements specified below.
The program admits students with a variety of backgrounds. Some students will have equally strong backgrounds in education and mathematics. Others may have more extensive prior preparation in one of these two disciplines.Admissions decisions will be made by an Admissions Committee composed of members of the Mathematics Education Faculty Group. Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Mathematics Education
The student must complete 30 credits for the degree. The program is available only under Plan B (without thesis). The student’s program of study must be approved by the student’s academic advisor and must include:
The Doctor of Philosophy degree in Mathematics Education is designed for persons who show promise of becoming leaders in local, state, national, and international mathematics education communities. The program prepares researchers and leaders to address critical issues in mathematics education by developing analytical perspectives for research, engaging in reflective teaching, and deepening mathematical knowledge.
In addition to meeting the requirements of the University and of the College of Natural Science, students must meet the requirements specified below.
The program admits students with a variety of backgrounds. Some students will have equally strong backgrounds in education and mathematics. Others may have more extensive prior preparation in one of these two disciplines.
Admissions decisions will be made by an Admissions Committee composed of members of the Mathematics Education Faculty Group. A student who shows promise for success at doctoral study but who needs additional background to be eligible for admission to the Ph.D. program will be provided with specific conditions to be met before admission. Upon successful completion of these requirements, the student may reapply.
Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Mathematics Education
The student must complete the requirements listed below. The student’s program of study must be approved by the student’s guidance committee and must include:
Gabriel Ording, Director
Integrative Studies is Michigan State University’s unique approach to liberal general education, offering a core curriculum that complements specialized work by students in their majors. Integrative Studies courses integrate multiple ways of knowing and modes of inquiry and introduce students to important ways of thinking in the three core knowledge areas: the Arts and Humanities, the Biological and Physical Sciences, and the Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences. They assist students early during their study to develop as more critical thinkers. They also encourage appreciation of our humanity and creativity, human cultural diversity, the power of knowledge, and our responsibilities for ourselves and for our world.
Courses in Michigan State University’s Integrative Studies Program are aimed at developing intellectual abilities, including critical thinking and interpretive skills. They help increase knowledge about other times, places, and cultures, key ideas and issues in human experience, and the scientific method and its usefulness in understanding the natural and social worlds. They are expected to enhance appreciation of the role of knowledge, and of values and ethics, in understanding human behavior and solving social problems. Finally, they help students recognize responsibilities and opportunities associated with democratic citizenship and with living in an increasingly interconnected, interdependent world.
The Center for Integrative Studies in the Arts and Humanities in the College of Arts and Letters has primary responsibility for the Arts and Humanities area of Integrative Studies at Michigan State University.
The Center for Integrative Studies in General Sciences in the College of Natural Sciences has primary responsibility for Integrative Studies courses in the Biological and Physical Sciences at Michigan State University.
The Center for Integrative Studies in the Social Sciences in the College of Social Science has primary responsibility for Integrative Studies courses in the Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences at Michigan State University.
The College of Natural Science offers interdepartmental degree programs in biological science–secondary education; cell and molecular biology; ecology, evolution, and behavior; general science; genetics; human biology; neuroscience; and physical science–secondary education. These programs are designed to serve students who wish to develop a broad background in the natural sciences. Students who desire academic preparation in the natural sciences with emphasis in a single discipline should enroll in a departmental major. The interdepartmental programs are not intended for this purpose.
Students interested in elementary education who wish to major in science should reference the section on MSU SUBJECT MATTER TEACHING MAJORS AND MINORS FOR TEACHER PREPARATION AND CERTIFICATION in the Department of Teacher Education section of this catalog.
The biological science–secondary education major, which leads to the Bachelor of Science degree, is designed for persons who want a broad background in fields that comprise biological sciences and who want to understand the interrelationships among such fields. This major is designed primarily for persons who plan to teach biological sciences in middle and secondary schools.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Biological Science–Secondary Education
The human biology major, which leads to the Bachelor of Science degree, is designed for persons who want a broad background in fields that comprise biological sciences and who want to understand the interrelationships among such fields. This program is for persons who plan to pursue careers in the health care professions and for students who are interested in the biological sciences, but are not interested in a teaching option.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Human Biology
The physical science–secondary education major, which leads to the Bachelor of Science degree, is designed for persons who want a broad background in both physics and chemistry and to understand the interrelationships between these disciplines. This major is designed primarily for persons who plan to teach physics, chemistry and/or physical science in secondary schools.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Physical Science–Secondary Education
The biological science–secondary education disciplinary major leading to the Bachelor of Science degree is available for teacher certification.A biological science disciplinary minor is also available for secondary teacher certification.
Students who elect the biological science–secondary education disciplinary major or the biological science disciplinary minor must contact the College of Natural Science.
An earth science disciplinary minor is also available for secondary teacher certification.
Students who elect the earth science disciplinary minor must contact the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences.
The physical science–secondary education disciplinary major leading to the Bachelor of Science degree is available for secondary teacher certification.
Students who elect the physical science–secondary education disciplinary major must contact the College of Natural Science.
For additional information, refer to the statement on TEACHER CERTIFICATION in the Department of Teacher Education section of this catalog.
This program provides theoretical and practical training in cell and molecular biology to prepare students for a variety of professional positions in academia, industry or government.
Most students enter the Master of Science degree program in cell and molecular biology with the goal of eventually obtaining a Ph.D. degree. However, students with limited research experience or specific deficiencies in their undergraduate training may be admitted to this program to obtain additional experience. Applicants will be considered by the Cell and Molecular Biology admissions committee, and in general the criteria for admission are similar to those of the Ph.D. program (an undergraduate major in biological science, acceptable GPA and GRE scores, and letters of recommendation).
In addition to meeting the requirements of the university and the College of Natural Science, students must meet the requirements specified below.
Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Cell and Molecular Biology
Students in the M.S. program in Cell and Molecular Biology must complete a total of 30 credits for the degree under either Plan A (with thesis) or Plan B (without thesis). These credits must include core courses in molecular biology, cell biology, and genetics. Detailed course and other requirements are specified in the cell and molecular biology graduate manual.
For a Plan A master’s degree, students must complete a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 10 credits of Cell and Molecular Biology 899, Master’s Research. They must also prepare a written thesis, complete a final research seminar, and pass an oral examination.
For a Plan B master’s degree, student may complete a maximum of 8 credits of Cell and Molecular Biology 890, Independent Study. They must also complete a final report and pass an oral examination.
The interdepartmental Doctor of Philosophy degree program with a major in cell and molecular biology is administered by the College of Natural Science. Students may elect to complete the requirements for a second major, in addition to the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in cell and molecular biology.
The educational objectives of the program are to provide doctoral students with fundamental knowledge and research skills so that they may become independent and self–educating scholars.
In addition to meeting the requirements of the university and of the College of Natural Science, students must meet the requirements specified below.
To be considered for admission to the Doctor of Philosophy degree program with a major in cell and molecular biology, an applicant must have taken the Graduate Record Examination General Test.
To be admitted to the doctoral program in cell and molecular biology, it is recommended that an applicant have:
Applicants with deficiencies in academic preparation may be admitted provisionally, in which case they will be required to complete collateral courses.
Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Cell and Molecular Biology
The student must:
For additional information, contact the director of the doctoral program in cell and molecular biology, 153 Giltner Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.
Students are encouraged to apply for admission to the Ph.D. program through the BioMolecular Science Gateway – First Year, where students choose a doctoral major from any of six Ph.D. programs: biochemistry and molecular biology, cell and molecular biology, genetics and genome sciences, microbiology and molecular genetics, pharmacology and toxicology, or physiology. For additional information refer to the College of Natural Science section of this catalog.
The interdepartmental dual major in ecology, evolution, and behavior is administered by the College of Natural Science. The dual major is available only to those students who plan to complete a Ph.D. degree program that involves ecology, evolution, and behavior and who have a graduate major at Michigan State University. The student does not have the option of completing a dual major in ecology, evolution, and behavior alone.
The educational objectives of the interdepartmental program are to:
Students who are enrolled in the dual major in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior may elect an Interdepartmental Specialization in Cognitive Science. For additional information, refer to the statement on Interdepartmental Graduate Specializations in Cognitive Science in the College of Social Science section of this catalog. For additional information, contact the College of Natural Science.
In order to enroll in the dual major in ecology, evolution, and behavior a student must also have been admitted to a major at Michigan State University. A minimum undergraduate grade-point average of 3.0 and undergraduate mathematics through calculus are required for admission to the dual major.
The Graduate Admissions Committee, composed of members of the ecology, evolution, and behavior faculty reviews applications for admission and recommends acceptance of applicants for admission. In special cases an applicant who has deficiencies in background courses may be admitted to the dual major on a provisional basis.
Guidance Committee
During the first year of enrollment in the dual major, the student and a member of the ecology, evolution, and behavior faculty who will serve as the student’s major professor will constitute a guidance committee that will assist in planning the student’s program of study. At least two members of the ecology, evolution, and behavior faculty shall be members of the committee. The student’s program of study will involve ecology, evolution, and behavior and a major in the student's department. The program shall be planned in accordance with the statement on Dual Major Doctoral Degrees in the Graduate Education section of this catalog.
Students in the dual major in ecology, evolution, and behavior are expected to attend weekly seminars and to participate in the graduate student-organized research colloquium.
Requirements for the Dual Major in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior
The primary purpose of the Master of Science in Genetics and Genome Sciences is to train students for a variety of careers in areas of genetics and genomics.
Applicants will be considered for admission by the Genetics and Genome Sciences Executive Committee. The criteria for admission include an undergraduate major in the biological sciences, acceptable grade-point average, a statement of objectives and three letters of recommendation. The Genetics and Genome Sciences Executive Committee will also consider requests for students to transfer from the Doctor of Philosophy in Genetics and Genome Sciences to this program.In addition to meeting the requirements of the university and the College of Natural Science, students must meet the requirements specified below.
Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Genetics and Genome Sciences
The Master of Science degree in Genetics and Genome Sciences is available under Plan A (with thesis). Students must earn at least 30 credits, of which a minimum of 20 credits must consist of course work and must include the following:
The interdepartmental Doctor of Philosophy degree program with a major in genetics and genome sciences is administered by the College of Natural Science. The objectives of the program are (1) to prepare the student for independent research and teaching, (2) to help the student to understand the nature and significance of genetics as a whole and to gain strength in related sciences, such as molecular biology and biochemistry, and (3) to enable the student to keep in the forefront of this continuously changing field.Students may specialize in one area of genetics and genome sciences, but are required to familiarize themselves with all major areas of the discipline. Students may elect to complete the requirements for a second major, in addition to the requirements for the doctoral degree in genetics and genome sciences.In addition to meeting the requirements of the university and of the College of Natural Science, students must meet the requirements specified below. Admission
Admission to the Doctor of Philosophy degree program with a major in genetics and genome sciences is through the BioMolecular Science Gateway – First Year (BMS). The BMS does not establish minimum cut-off values from any indices, however, the successful applicant will typically have: a bachelor’s degree (four-year or equivalent) or Master of Science degree that includes course work that demonstrates proficiency in math and science; a grade point average of 3.5 or above; significant research experience (equivalent to a minimum of one full-time summer research experience or four semesters of part-time research experience); and strong letters of reference. The GRE is not required to apply to the BMS. Students admitted through the BMS typically perform three research rotations during their first two semesters before they choose their Ph.D. laboratory, and join the Ph.D. program of their choice during the spring semester of their first year in the BMS.Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Genetics and Genome Sciences
The program of study is planned by the student in consultation with the major professor and a guidance committee. Specific courses in genetics, as well as courses in other areas considered relevant to the student's interests and chosen research area, are included in the program.The student must:
Several colleges and departments within Michigan State University cooperate in offering the interdepartmental Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degree program with a major in neuroscience, which is administered by the College of Natural Science. Students may elect to complete the requirements for a second major, in addition to the requirements for the Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degree in neuroscience.
Students who are enrolled in the master’s or doctoral degree program with a major in Neuroscience may also elect an Interdepartmental Specialization in Cognitive Science. For additional information, refer to the statement on Interdepartmental Graduate Specializations in Cognitive Science in the College of Social Science section of this catalog. For additional information, contact the College of Natural Science.
The major objective of the M.S. program is to provide sufficient theoretical and practical training in neuroscience to allow students to obtain professional level positions in academic, industrial, or governmental institutions.
Admission to graduate study in neuroscience is primarily to the doctoral program. Students are generally accepted for graduate study in neuroscience only if judged by a program committee to be qualified to complete the doctoral degree. However, under certain circumstances, the program may consider applications for admission to the Master of Science in Neuroscience from students who wish to earn a master’s degree in preparation for the doctoral degree. For consultation, contact the program director.
To be considered for admission to the Master of Science degree in Neuroscience an applicant should:
To be eligible for regular admission to the Master of Science degree in Neuroscience, an applicant must:
Laboratory research experience is recommended, but not required. Applicants with deficiencies in academic preparation may be admitted provisionally, with the requirement that they complete collateral science courses during the first year of study; these collateral courses will not count toward the degree.
Admission decisions are made by the Neuroscience Program Graduate Affairs Committee.
Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Neuroscience
The program is available under either Plan A (with thesis) or Plan B (without thesis). A total of 30 credits is required for the degree under either Plan A or Plan B. The student’s program of study must be approved by the student’s guidance committee. The student must meet the requirements specified below:
Additional Requirements for Plan A
Successful completion and defense of a thesis based on original research on an important problem in neuroscience in a seminar-based public forum.
Additional Requirements for Plan B
Successful completion and presentation of a research-based paper.
The program provides an opportunity for doctoral students to acquire both a broad and in-depth knowledge of the function of the nervous system. The program is designed to:
To be considered for admission to the Doctor of Philosophy degree program with a major in neuroscience, an applicant should have:
To be eligible for regular admission to the Doctor of Philosophy degree program with a major in neuroscience, an applicant must have:
Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Neuroscience
A detailed description of the Doctor of Philosophy degree program with a major in neuroscience and of the research interests of participating faculty may be obtained upon request from the Neuroscience Program Administrative Office, Giltner Hall, 293 Farm Lane, Room 108, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1317, or by visiting the Web site at http://www.neuroscience.msu.edu.
The interdepartmental dual major in quantitative biology is administered by the College of Natural Science. The dual major is available only to those students who plan to complete a Ph.D. degree program that involves a research project and course work in quantitative biology and a major in one of the following departments that are affiliated with the interdepartmental program: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chemistry, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Epidemiology, Genetics, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Physics and Astronomy, Physiology, Plant Biology, Statistics and Probability, and Zoology. The student does not have the option of completing a major in quantitative biology alone.
In addition to meeting the requirements of the university and of the department and college in which the student is enrolled, the student must meet the requirements specified below.
In order to enroll in the dual major in quantitative biology a student must also have been admitted to a major in one of the affiliated departments. A minimum undergraduate grade-point average of 3.0 and undergraduate mathematics through calculus are required for admission to the dual major. Students may apply to the quantitative biology program at any time prior to their preliminary exam.
Admission to the quantitative biology dual major is by approval of the quantitative biology recruiting committee and the graduate program director. In special cases, an applicant who has deficiencies in background courses may be admitted to the dual major on a provisional basis.
The student must select two mentors, typically one from a biological discipline and one from a chemical, physical, mathematical, computational, or engineering discipline. Both of these mentors will serve on the guidance committee. At least two members of the student’s guidance committee must be members of the quantitative biology faculty. At least one member of the committee must be from a department or disciplinary program other than the one that administers the student’s disciplinary major. The student’s program of study will be planned in accordance with the statement on Dual Major Doctoral Degrees in the Graduate Education section of this catalog.
Requirements for the Dual Major in Quantitative Biology
At least two courses totaling a combined minimum of 5 credits that provide graduate training in biology to students in chemical/physical or mathematical/computational disciplines or that provide graduate training in chemical, physical, mathematical, or computational methods to those in the biological disciplines. The courses should be complementary to the student’s research, relevant to the goals of the quantitative biology program, and must be approved by the program director. Approved concentration areas include: molecular biophysics, systems biology, ecological and evolutionary modeling, or genomics, bioinformatics, and computational biology.
The Minor in Environmental and Sustainability Studies is available as an elective to all students who are enrolled in bachelor’s degree programs at Michigan State University. Students completing the minor will gain knowledge and skills essential for understanding the biological and physical environment that is inhabited and influenced by humans; managing complex interactions between humans and natural systems; and understanding how policy-making impacts and shapes environmental and sustainability outcomes. The College of Natural Science is the primary administrative unit for the minor with support from the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, College of Communication Arts and Sciences, the Eli Broad College of Business, College of Engineering, and College of Social Science.
Students who have declared the intent to complete the minor or who have declared a major preference for a bachelor’s degree program in one of the above listed colleges may elect to live in residence and participate in the Residential Initiative on the Study of the Environment (RISE). Students who elect this option will be housed in Bailey Hall in the Brody Neighborhood. This integrated living-learning program allows for students from multiple colleges and disciplines to develop a sense of community and promotes a team approach to managing complex problems.
With prior written approval from the RISE Coordinator who administers a course in the minor, another course may be substituted for a course from the list of approved courses. Before a student requests a substitution, the student should consult with their academic advisor to ensure that the substitution will not adversely affect the requirements for their degree program.
Requirements for the Minor in Environmental and Sustainability Studies
The student must complete a minimum of 15 credits from the following:
The interdepartmental graduate Specialization in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior is available for students who are enrolled in master's degree programs at Michigan State University whose course of study involves ecology, evolution, and behavior. The College of Natural Science administers the specialization.
The interdepartmental graduate Specialization in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior is designed to:
A student who is enrolled in a master's degree program who wishes to complete the requirements for the interdepartmental Graduate Specialization in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior should have a minimum grade–point average of 3.00 and have grades of 3.0 or higher in quantitative science courses.
Requirements for the Interdepartmental Graduate Specialization in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior
During the first year of study toward a master's degree, the student and the major professor select a guidance committee that will assist in planning the student's program of study for both the degree and the specialization. At least one member of the student's guidance committee shall be a member of the Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior faculty.
The specialization consists of the completion of the ecology, evolution, and behavior required core courses listed below. Credits that are used to meet the requirements for the specialization may also be counted toward the requirements for the student's major at the discretion of the department.
Required Core Courses
The College of Natural Science, the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, the College of Engineering, and the College of Veterinary Medicine administer the Graduate Specialization in Environmental Toxicology. The College of Agriculture and Natural Resources is the primary administrative unit. For additional information, refer to the Graduate Specialization in Environmental Toxicology statement in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources section of this catalog.
Timothy R. Zacharewski, Chairperson
The Bachelor of Science program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology for students in the College of Natural Science combines the elements of a liberal education with thorough preparation in biochemistry and molecular biology and the underlying principles of biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. It is intended primarily for those students who wish to pursue a career in which a sound knowledge of biochemistry and molecular biology is necessary, or for students who plan further studies at the graduate or professional level. With suitable choice of electives, the B.S. program offers the option of merging rigorous training in biochemistry and molecular biology with development of writing or pedagogical skills, leading to career options in science writing or teaching.
Undergraduate students are taught by professors who are familiar with the changing directions and emphases in the field of biochemistry and molecular biology. Interested undergraduates are encouraged to participate, along with graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, in the on–going research of one of the faculty members.
Students seeking admission to the program should complete the high school science or college preparatory curriculum, ensuring that their programs include courses required for admission to the university.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
The Bachelor of Science program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Biotechnology is intended primarily for those students who plan to pursue careers in industry, veterinary medicine, or related health sciences, or for students who plan advanced study in biotechnology and molecular biology.
The core curriculum in the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Biotechnology program is identical to that of the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology program. Additional course work introduces the student to the chemical engineering and microbiological aspects of biotechnology and allows for specialization through a broad range of approved biotechnology courses in the junior and senior years.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Biotechnology
The major objectives of the graduate programs in biochemistry are to help students to develop their creative potential and to prepare them for careers in research and teaching in the biochemical sciences. Students' programs of study are designed to develop independent thought as well as broad knowledge and technical skills, through formal and informal courses, laboratory experience, seminars, individual study, and, foremost, through original research that forms the basis for the student's thesis or dissertation.
In addition to meeting the requirements of the university and of the College of Natural Science, Human Medicine, or Osteopathic Medicine, students must meet the requirements specified below.
Persons with bachelor's degrees in biochemistry, chemistry or any of several biological, physical, medical, or agricultural sciences are invited to apply for admission. Undergraduate preparation should include courses in general, organic, analytical, and physical chemistry, and in physics, general biology, basic biochemistry, and mathematics through calculus. Minor deficiencies may be rectified by taking appropriate undergraduate courses concurrently with graduate courses.
Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
A total of 30 credits is required for the degree under either Plan A (with thesis) or Plan B (without thesis). Most students earn the degree under Plan A. A student may pursue Plan B only with the approval of the department's Director of Graduate Studies and chairperson. Such approval is granted only in exceptional cases. The program of study is planned by the student and the major professor. Specific courses in biochemistry, as well as courses in other areas considered relevant to the student's interests and chosen research area, are included in the program.
Persons with a bachelor's or master's degree in biochemistry, chemistry or any of several biological, physical, medical, or agricultural sciences are invited to apply for admission. Undergraduate preparation should include courses in general, organic, analytical, and physical chemistry, and in physics, general biology, basic biochemistry, and mathematics through calculus. Minor deficiencies may be rectified by taking appropriate undergraduate collateral courses concurrently with graduate courses.
Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
The program of study is planned by the student in consultation with the major professor and a guidance committee. Specific courses in biochemistry, as well as courses in other areas considered relevant to the student's interests and chosen research area, are included in the program.
It is expected that the dissertation will show original treatment of an important research problem, will give evidence of independent thought, and will be clearly, logically, and carefully written. It is also expected that the research on which the dissertation is based will be published in the scientific literature.
The biomedical laboratory science (BLS) academic program (major) is designed to prepare students for careers in a variety of applied biomedical sciences. These include careers in the medical laboratory, public health, research, industry, human medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, graduate school or other human health professional education. The BLD courses are focused in curricular spirals within six disciplines: Clinical Chemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Immunology and Immunohematology, Hematology and Hemostasis, Medical Microbiology and Professional Writing (with a research and laboratory medicine emphasis). The medical laboratory experience required for national certification as a medical laboratory scientist is not included in this program, though BLS program advisors help students plan their career pathways. Students desiring Medical Laboratory Science certification are recommended to complete the medical laboratory science concentration and are responsible for securing accredited clinical experiences subsequent to completion of the degree. The Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics Program will advise students in securing clinical practicum experiences. The program will also provide advising and career support for students pursuing career pathways in public health, research, industry, human medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, or graduate school.
Three master’s degree programs are available. The Master of Arts degree in Biomedical Laboratory Science program for working professionals is available as a non-thesis option. The Master of Science degree in Clinical Laboratory Science program is a traditional science-oriented degree with both thesis and non-thesis options. The Master of Science in Biomedical Laboratory Operations program is a blending of business management with the science needed to prepare managers for positions in regulated research, industry and medical settings. All three master’s degrees are available in an online format.
The Master of Arts degree in Biomedical Laboratory Science is administered by the Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics Program. The program is designed to enhance the student’s knowledge base and broaden their perspectives across the profession. In addition to meeting the requirements of the university and of the College of Natural Science, students must meet all requirements specified below.
AdmissionRegular admission to the Master of Arts degree in Biomedical Laboratory Science requires completion of a bachelor’s degree in a relevant field, with a grade-point average that is indicative of success in the program, including the following course work:
Applicants must:
Applicants who fail to meet the criteria for regular admission, may apply for provisional admission if they have demonstrated a high probability of success and will be provided other options to obtain a post-baccalaureate clinical laboratory education.For additional information on admission, contact the Graduate Program Director, 322 North Kedzie Hall, 354 Farm Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824.Requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in Biomedical Laboratory ScienceThe program is available online and only under Plan B (without thesis). The student must complete a total of 30 credits from the following:
The graduate program in clinical laboratory sciences leads to the Master of Science degree. The program emphasizes the multidisciplinary nature of the laboratory sciences, encourages research that crosses traditional laboratory disciplines, and promotes innovative thinking.The curriculum is customized to the student's interests and to supporting the project each student identifies. Students may conduct research projects with both resident and adjunct faculty.
A total of 30 credits is required for the degree under either Plan A (with thesis) or Plan B (without thesis). The student's program of study must be approved by the student's academic advisor.
The master’s degree program in biomedical laboratory operations is designed for individuals with previous clinical laboratory experience who seek career advancement as managers, administrators, researchers, entrepreneurs and policymakers in the field. The core of this program resides in three major components: science, management and practice. The science component focuses on post-baccalaureate courses planned to develop a high level of competence within the student’s chosen biomedical laboratory discipline. The management component provides a solid foundation in general business including resource management, communication skills, organizational structures, decision making, and essential aspects of working in a regulated industry. The degree is intended to expose individuals to real-life problems with an expectation of generating positive, realistic solutions.In addition to meeting the requirements of the University and the College of Natural Science, students must meet the requirements specified below.
Regular admission to the Master of Science degree in Biomedical Laboratory Operations requires completion of a bachelor’s degree in a relevant field, with a grade-point average that is indicative of success in the program, including the following course work:
Scholastic record, experience, personal qualifications and career goals will be taken into consideration to determine the applicant’s acceptability.For additional information on admission, contact the Graduate Program Director, 322 North Kedzie Hall, 354 Farm Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824.Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Biomedical Laboratory Operations
The student must complete 31 credits under Plan B (without thesis). The specific program of study includes competence in statistics and completion of a project in Biomedical Laboratory Operations as determined in consultation with the student’s guidance committee. The final oral examination, which covers both course work and research, is administered by the student’s guidance committee.
Timothy H. Warren, Chairperson
Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, properties, and reactivity of matter. Synthesis of new organic and inorganic compounds and materials is central to chemistry and is complemented by efforts to develop analytical methods and instrumentation needed to identify and characterize these substances. Studies of reaction rates, thermodynamics, and molecular structure contribute to a deeper understanding of chemical transformations, providing a basis for optimization of known reactions and discovery of new reactions. The work of chemists is not limited to laboratory experiments. Computational approaches are increasingly important tools in understanding molecular structure and reactivity, designing new materials, and discovering new drugs. The molecular-level understanding provided by chemistry plays an important role in interdisciplinary research to solve complex problems in biology, medicine, energy capture and storage, advanced materials, and environmental science. Chemists find employment in education, government, and diverse industries including but not limited to pharmaceuticals, agrichemicals, consumer products, polymers, electronics, food, and biotechnology. Study of chemistry at the undergraduate and graduate level also provides an excellent foundation for post-graduate study in health-related fields, public policy, business, and patent law.
The degree Bachelor of Science with a major in chemistry is designed to provide a thorough foundation in the various fields of chemistry and the related sciences, as well as a proper educational balance in the liberal arts. The program is intended for students planning careers in industry or in governmental laboratories and for those planning graduate study in chemistry.The Bachelor of Science degree program in chemistry is approved by the American Chemical Society.The completion of one or more semesters of independent research (Chemistry 400H or 420) is strongly recommended for students in this program.A detailed description of this program may be obtained from the Department of Chemistry.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Chemistry
Many occupations require a moderate training in chemistry combined with training in one or more other areas. Accordingly, the Bachelor of Arts degree is intended for the students desiring a lesser degree of specialization than required for the Bachelor of Science degree. Students who desire chemistry as a major while pursuing programs in prehealth, prelaw, or education, or as training for many professional or industrial positions, may elect this program. Ample opportunity in the choice of electives is provided for students who are planning to obtain positions such as the following: technical writers, technical librarians, technical sales personnel, and patent lawyers. Additional collateral work may be necessary if this program is presented for admission to a school of graduate studies. A more detailed statement may be obtained from the Department of Chemistry. Requirements for the Bachelor of Arts Degree in Chemistry
The major in Chemical Physics provides a strong foundation in chemistry, physics and mathematics for those students who have a professional interest in the areas of overlap between chemistry and physics. It is particularly suitable for students planning to pursue a graduate degree in the area of chemical physics or physical chemistry.
A detailed description of this program may be obtained from the Department of Chemistry.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Chemical Physics
The chemistry disciplinary minor is available for teacher certification.
Students who elect the chemistry disciplinary minor must contact the Department of Chemistry.
The Department of Chemistry offers the graduate degree programs that are listed below:
Master of Science Chemistry
Doctor of Philosophy Chemical Physics ChemistryDescriptions of the degree programs, organized by fields of study in alphabetical order, are presented below.
Only those persons who are enrolled in a Doctor of Philosophy degree program in the Department of Chemistry or the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Michigan State University may petition the Committee on Chemical Physics for admission to the doctoral program in chemical physics.
Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Chemical Physics
For the Master of Science program in chemistry, the areas of study are analytical, chemical education, inorganic, organic, and physical.
The student must have a bachelor's degree and an acceptable grade–point average, and must have had in an undergraduate program one year each of general, analytical, organic, and physical chemistry, one year of physics, and one year of calculus. Deficiencies in the undergraduate program, such as deficiencies in calculus or in foreign language, must be removed before the degree will be recommended.
Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Chemistry
A total of 30 credits are required for the program under either Plan A (with thesis) or Plan B (without thesis). Most students earn the degree under Plan A. For Plan A, students are required to complete 8 credits of master's thesis research and may be permitted to complete up to 15 credits of master's thesis research; approximately two–thirds of the remaining credits are in the major area and the balance is in other areas.The program is planned by the student and the major professor in accordance with the student's desire for earning only the master's degree or continuing on to the doctorate.
Programs for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, based on a broad and thorough undergraduate program, emphasize study and original research in one of the following areas: analytical, chemical education, inorganic, organic and physical. Numerous cross–disciplinary research opportunities involving, for example, biochemistry or the cyclotron laboratory, are also available.
Students holding bachelor's degrees, or master's degrees or the equivalent, may be admitted for study at the doctoral level on either a provisional or regular basis. Applicants are expected to have had in their undergraduate programs one year each of general, analytical, organic, and physical chemistry, one year of physics, and one year of calculus or their equivalents. Deficiencies in the undergraduate program must be removed.
Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Chemistry
Jeffrey Freymueller, Chairperson
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Environmental Geosciences
Concentration in Geophysics
A concentration in geophysics is also available. Students must complete all of the following courses. Courses that are used to satisfy the requirements for the concentration may also be used to satisfy the requirements for the Bachelor of Science degree in Environmental Geosciences. The concentration will be noted on the student’s transcript.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Geological Sciences
A concentration in geophysics is also available. Students must complete all of the following courses. Courses that are used to satisfy the requirements for the concentration may also be used to satisfy the requirements for the Bachelor of Science degree in Geological Sciences. The concentration will be noted on the student’s transcript.
The earth science—interdepartmental disciplinary major leading to the Bachelor of Science degree is available for teacher certification. Students who complete the requirements for this disciplinary major and the requirements for teacher certification choose whether they wish to be recommended for certification in earth science or general science.
An earth science disciplinary minor is also available for teacher certification.
Students who elect the earth science—interdepartmental disciplinary major or the earth science disciplinary minor must contact the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences.
The Master of Science degree program in environmental geosciences is available under either Plan A (with thesis) or Plan B (without thesis).
When applying for admission to the program, an applicant must specify either Plan A or Plan B.
Academic record, letters of recommendation, and Graduate Record Examination (GRE) General Test scores are considered in admission decisions.
For regular admission to the master's degree program in environmental geosciences under Plan A, the student must have:
Provisional admission may be granted to an applicant who has not completed the course work referenced in items 2. and 3. above. Deficiencies must be removed by completing collateral courses.
For regular admission to the master's degree program in environmental geosciences under Plan B, the student must have:
Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Environmental Geosciences
A total of 30 credits is required for the degree under either Plan A or Plan B. The student's program of study must be approved by the student's guidance committee. The student must meet the requirements specified below:
Requirements for Both Plan A and Plan B
A student who completed any course listed in the Tier I requirements or in the Tier II requirement prior to enrollment in the program must substitute another course approved by the student's guidance committee.
A given course may be used to satisfy either the Tier I requirements or the Tier II requirement, but not both of those requirements.
The core of the Doctor of Philosophy degree program in earth and environmental sciences is independent research. Course requirements are designed to support the student's professional goals. Commonly, research programs are pursued within the specialty of the staff. However, innovative research is encouraged in any area of environmental sciences.
Students holding bachelor's or master's degrees may be admitted to the doctoral program in earth and environmental sciences on the basis of their performance during the previous two years of academic work. Satisfactory scores on the GRE General Test are required.Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Earth and Environmental Sciences
The program of study is determined by mutual agreement between the student and the guidance committee. The student must complete, or have completed prior to admission, 9 credits of course work in earth and environmental sciences and at least 3 credits in 800-level course work. Students must also complete 24 credits of doctoral dissertation research by enrollment in GLG 999.The required comprehensive examination involves both an oral and a written portion and covers the area of the student's research specialty, those areas that interface with that specialty, and the significance of the proposed research program. Students who are admitted to the doctoral program with master's degrees must pass the comprehensive examination during the second year of enrollment in the program. Students who are admitted to the doctoral program with bachelor's degrees must pass the comprehensive examination during the third year of enrollment in the program.
Academic record, letters of recommendation, and Graduate Record Examination (GRE) General Test scores are considered in admission decisions. For regular admission, the student must have:
Depending on the proposed area of specialization, provisional admission may be granted to an applicant who has not completed the courses referenced in item 2. above. Deficiencies must be removed by completing collateral courses before a thesis proposal will be accepted.
Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Geological Sciences
The student must complete a total of 30 credits for the degree under Plan A (with thesis). Of the 30 credits, no more than 7 credits may be in Geological Sciences 899.
The core of the Doctor of Philosophy degree program in geological sciences is independent research. Course requirements are designed to support the student's professional goals. Commonly, research programs are pursued within the specialty of the staff. However, innovative research is encouraged in any area of geological sciences.
Students holding bachelor's or master's degrees may be admitted to the doctoral program in geological sciences on the basis of their performance during the previous two years of academic work.
Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Geological Sciences
The program of study is determined by mutual agreement between the student and the guidance committee.
The required comprehensive examination involves both an oral and a written portion and covers the area of the student's research specialty, those areas that interface with that specialty, and the significance of the proposed research program. Students who are admitted to the doctoral program with master's degrees must pass the comprehensive examination during the second year of enrollment in the program. Students who are admitted to the doctoral program with bachelor's degrees must pass the comprehensive examination during the third year of enrollment in the program.
Thomas Getty, Chairperson
Four degree programs are offered: Bachelor of Science in Integrative Biology, Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science in Zoology,and a Bachelor of Science in Environmental Biology/Zoology. Majors are expected to acquire broad background in the sciences fundamental to the understanding of modern zoology. General chemistry and mathematics are normally taken in the freshman year, organic chemistry in the sophomore year, and physics in the junior year. The Biological Science sequence (161/171, 162/172) should be started as soon as possible since these courses are prerequisite to further study in integrative biology. Course electives in integrative biology are to be chosen so that they furnish breath of zoological understanding in animal behavior, cell biology, comparative anatomy, developmental biology, ecology, environmental physiology, evolution, genetics, marine biology, neurobiology, organismal biology, and zoo and aquarium science. The department encourages and supports experiential learning through internships and independent study. These experiences must be approved in advance by an advisor.
Normally no more than 8 credits of upper-level course work in classes such as directed studies, internship, independent study, study abroad, selected topics, or special topics from any department or college other than zoology may be counted as integrative biology electives towards any of the undergraduate degrees. Students may petition the Director of Undergraduate Studies in the department to exceed this 8-credit limit.
The objective of the Bachelor of Science degree program with a major in environmental biology/zoology is to help students to understand the concepts of environmental biology and to apply those concepts to improve both the natural environment and the environment perturbed by human activities. The focus of the program is on animal biology. The integrative biology courses in the program emphasize ecology, systematics, and environmental science.
Students who are enrolled in this program may complete an optional capstone course: Integrative Biology 494 or 496.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Environmental Biology/Zoology
The Bachelor of Arts in Zoology degree is designed for students pursuing careers in scientific application areas such as public policy, technical sales, law, and communications. This degree combines study in zoology with a significant amount of course work outside the sciences. Students are strongly encouraged to extend their knowledge and skills through experiential opportunities and a supplemental minor.Requirements for the Bachelor of Arts Degree in Zoology
The Bachelor of Science degree program with a major in zoology is for students who seek professional employment in animal biology, or who seek admission to graduate programs in animal biology or to health–related professional schools. The degree contains core courses in biology, chemistry, physics, calculus and statistics. Students will complete a concentration encompassing several branches of modern zoology while allowing focused study in any one of those fields. Concentration options include: animal behavior and neurobiology; cell and developmental biology; ecology, evolution and organismal biology; general zoology; genetics; marine biology; or zoo and aquarium science.Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Zoology
The Department of Integrative Biology offers Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degree programs in integrative biology. Research areas and opportunities are aligned with faculty research programs at the forefronts of the research areas outlined above. Students interested in graduate study should visit the department website for additional information about these opportunities and how to pursue them.Students who are enrolled in master’s or doctoral degree programs in the Department of Integrative Biology may elect an Interdepartmental Specialization in Cognitive Science. For additional information, refer to the statement on Interdepartmental Graduate Specializations in Cognitive Science in the College of Social Science section of this catalog. For additional information, contact the Department of Integrative Biology.
Regular admission to the graduate programs in integrative biology is granted to students having a bachelor's degree, with training in the biological sciences at least equal to that required for this degree at Michigan State University; one year each of chemistry, mathematics, and one semester of college physics. Approval of the department is also required. Students who do not meet the requirements for regular admission may, under certain circumstances, be admitted on a provisional basis while deficiencies are being corrected. Requirements for the Master of Science Degree
The student must complete a total of 30 credits for the degree under either Plan A (with thesis) or Plan B (without thesis).Requirements for Both Plan A and Plan B
Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Integrative BiologyThe student's program of study must be developed in cooperation with and approved by the student's guidance committee and must include the requirements specified below:
The W. K. Kellogg Biological Station is administered jointly by the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources and the College of Natural Science. The Station developed from the environmental foresight and interest of W. K. Kellogg and has evolved into a world–renowned ecological research center and public education facility for biological, agricultural, and natural resource sciences.
Located 65 miles southwest of East Lansing near Battle Creek and Kalamazoo, the Biological Station's 3,352 acres encompass the Kellogg Bird Sanctuary, Kellogg Farm and Dairy Center, Academic Center and Research Laboratories, and Lux Arbor Reserve. Within this multiple–land use facility, a unique community of scholars conducts research and leads educational programs to increase our understanding of natural and managed ecosystems and their linkage to society.
The teaching and research programs of the Biological Station are closely coordinated with those of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources and the College of Natural Science. The programs focus on the study of natural and managed ecosystems and includes basic ecology, evolutionary biology, wildlife management, forestry, and agriculture.
The Biological Station's resident faculty hold joint appointments with appropriate departments and teach courses both at the Station and on the main campus. Field oriented courses and research experience in the biological sciences are offered at the Station during the summer session.
Research facilities are provided for students who are candidates for Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees and for postdoctoral research associates. Residence may be established upon approval of the research problem and the sponsorship of a resident faculty member.
Thesis or dissertation research is supervised by the candidate's major professor, the guidance committee, and, if not otherwise included, a member of the resident faculty at the Biological Station. Investigations by independent researchers from MSU and other institutions are encouraged throughout the year.
Information concerning the instructional program and research opportunities may be obtained by contacting the Academic Programs Coordinator at kbssummer@kbs.msu.edu or by writing to KBS Academic Programs, 3700 E. Gull Lake Drive, Hickory Corners, Michigan 49060–9516.
Jeffrey Schenker, Chairperson
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Actuarial Science
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Computational Mathematics
Requirements for the Bachelor of Arts Degree in Computational Mathematics
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Mathematics
Requirements for the Bachelor of Arts Degree in Mathematics
Requirements for the Bachelor of Arts Degree in Mathematics, Advanced
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Mathematics, Advanced
The Minor in Actuarial Science, which is administered by the Department of Mathematics within the College of Natural Science, is available as an elective to students who are enrolled in any bachelor’s degree program at Michigan State University. This minor complements a number of major fields such as mathematics, statistics and probability, finance, and economics. It is intended to prepare students for work in insurance companies, banks, investment firms, government work, hospitals and business firms where there is a need to weigh the financial consequences of risk. The Minor in Actuarial Science prepares students for two of the examinations of the Society of Actuaries (SOA): Exam P/1 and Exam FM/2. With the approval of the department that administers the student’s degree program, courses that are used to satisfy the requirements for the minor may also be used to satisfy the requirements for the bachelor’s degree.
Requirements for the Minor in Actuarial Science
The student must complete all of the following courses (21 credits):
The Minor in Mathematics, which is administered by the Department of Mathematics, will broaden students’ understanding and application of mathematical concepts to their chosen field of study.
The minor is available as an elective to students who are enrolled in bachelor’s degree programs at Michigan State University other than the Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science Degree in Mathematics. With the approval of the department and college that administer the student’s degree program, the courses that are used to satisfy the minor may also be used to satisfy the requirements for the bachelor’s degree.
Students who plan to complete the requirements of the minor should consult the undergraduate advisor in the Department of Mathematics.
Requirements for the Minor in Mathematics
Complete the following (21 to 28 credits):
The mathematics-secondary education disciplinary major leading to the Bachelor of Science degree is available for teacher certification.
A mathematics-secondary disciplinary minor is also available for teacher certification.
Students who elect a mathematics-secondary disciplinary major or minor must contact the Department of Mathematics.
The Department of Mathematics is ranked a tier-one program by the National Research Council rankings and conducts world-class research in a broad spectrum of mathematical endeavors. At the highest level, the department offers the graduate degrees of Doctor of Philosophy in Mathematics and Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Mathematics, which open the door to research careers in universities, national laboratories, and industry. We also offer graduate work leading to Master of Science degrees in Mathematics and in Applied Mathematics. Our Professional Master's program in Industrial Mathematics has an exemplary record of preparing students for careers in industry.
To be admitted to the Master of Science degree program in applied mathematics, a person should have completed (1) the mathematics or applied mathematics courses normally required for the bachelor's degree with a major in mathematics, physics, or engineering, (2) a minimum of a year's work in mathematical analysis at the senior year level, and (3) courses in matrices and linear algebra.
Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Applied Mathematics
The student must complete a total of 30 credits for the degree under Plan B (without thesis). The student's program of study must be approved by the student's academic advisor and must include:
Regular admission to the Doctor of Philosophy degree program in applied mathematics presupposes academic preparation equivalent to a Master of Science degree with a major in mathematics with a grade–point average of 3.00 or better. However, a student with a bachelor's degree whose undergraduate preparation is strong may be admitted directly to the program upon passing a qualifying examination.
Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Applied Mathematics
For detailed information regarding the qualifying and comprehensive examinations, contact the Department of Mathematics.
The degree of Master of Science in Industrial Mathematics is designed to produce generalized problem solvers of great versatility, capable of moving within an organization from task to task. The graduate will have acquired not only the standard mathematical and statistical tools and computer science principles to strengthen data analytic skills, but also the basic ideas of engineering and business, and will have received training in project development and in modes of industrial communication. The program is designed for students planning careers in business, government or industry.
To be admitted to the Master of Science in Industrial Mathematics program, a person should have completed (1) the mathematics or applied mathematics courses normally required for the bachelor’s degree with a major in mathematics, statistics, economics, physics or engineering, (2) courses at the senior level in mathematical analysis, linear algebra and differential equations, and (3) have some familiarity with mathematical software programs such as Mathematica, Matlab, etc.
Students entering the program are expected to have a mathematical preparation at the level of Mathematics 421, 414 and 442. Students with deficiencies may be required to take additional course work.
Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Industrial Mathematics
In addition to meeting the requirements of the University and the College of Natural Science, the student must complete a total of 30 credits for the degree under Plan B (without thesis). The student’s program of study must be approved by the student’s academic advisor, including:
To be admitted to the Master of Science degree program in mathematics, a person should have (1) at least one year of calculus and (2) at least 10 credits of acceptable junior and senior mathematics courses. Normally these 10 credits should include courses in advanced calculus and modern algebra.
Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Mathematics
Regular admission to the Doctor of Philosophy degree program in mathematics presupposes academic preparation equivalent to a Master of Science degree with a major in mathematics with a grade–point average of 3.00 or better. However, a student with a bachelor's degree whose undergraduate preparation is strong may be admitted directly to the program upon passing a qualifying examination.
Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Mathematics
Victor DiRita, Chairperson
Environmental microbiology is a large and diverse field that addresses concerns such as soil fertility, water purity and quality, and safety of the food supply. Although environmental biology is concerned with all members of the biosphere and the geochemical surroundings, microorganisms are at the heart of the biological activities in the environment. Many of the environmental problems facing society are microbiological ones, or ones for which microbiological solutions may be found.
The Bachelor of Science degree program with a major in environmental biology/microbiology is designed for students who plan to pursue careers involving microbiology and the environment or who plan to pursue graduate study in microbiology and related environmental areas.
The educational objectives of the program are to:
On completion of the program, the graduate may apply for certification with the National Registry of Microbiologists of the American Society for Microbiology.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Environmental Biology/Microbiology
The objective of the Bachelor of Science degree program with a major in genomics and molecular genetics is to provide a broad foundation in science, with emphasis in genomics and molecular genetics. Although the majority of the course work is prescribed, students have an opportunity to tailor their degree program to their own interests within the field by choosing a suitable course combination from a slate of options. On completion of the program, graduates may apply for certification with the National Registry of Microbiologists of the American Society for Microbiology.
In addition to the general degree requirements of the College of Natural Science, the undergraduate program in genomics and molecular genetics encompasses fundamental training in chemistry, mathematics, physics, and biology. This foundation provides the prerequisites for undertaking the basic courses in genomics and molecular genetics. In order to increase the flexibility of the program, and to provide additional intellectual stimulation, students are encouraged to participate in mentored independent research for at least two, and ideally three or more, semesters. Independent research is available to both Honors College and other students, and often culminates with a report written in manuscript style by the student. This research may fulfill part of the department’s capstone course requirement for the bachelor’s degree with a major in genomics and molecular genetics.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Genomics and Molecular Genetics
The objective of the Bachelor of Science degree program with a major in microbiology is to provide a broad foundation in science, with emphasis in microbiology. In order to assist students in planning a course of study, elective microbiology courses are organized by interest group (cell and molecular biology, immunology and medical microbiology, microbe biology, and microbial biotechnology) and students are advised in personal consultations to select a set of electives according to their interests. Thus, different emphases may be chosen by students intending to acquire technical competence in the field, to pursue graduate education in microbiology or another biological science, or to attain competence in a basic medical science preparatory to or in conjunction with professional study in human or veterinary medicine. On completion of the program, graduates may apply for certification with the National Registry of Microbiologists of the American Society for Microbiology.In addition to the general degree requirements of the College of Natural Science, the undergraduate program in microbiology encompasses fundamental training in chemistry, mathematics, physics, and biology. This foundation provides the prerequisites for undertaking the basic courses in microbiology.
In order to increase the flexibility of the program, and to provide additional intellectual stimulation, students are encouraged to participate in tutored independent research for at least two, and ideally three or more, semesters. Independent research is available to both Honors College and other students, and often culminates with a report written in manuscript style by the student. This research may fulfill part of the department's capstone course requirement for the bachelor's degree with a major in microbiology.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Microbiology
The Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology is administered jointly by the colleges of Natural Science, Human Medicine, Osteopathic Medicine, and Veterinary Medicine. Study for the Master of Science degree in microbiology and molecular genetics or the Doctor of Philosophy degree in microbiology and molecular genetics may be administered by any one of the four colleges referenced above.
The objective of the graduate programs in microbiology and molecular genetics is to provide basic education in various subdisciplines of microbiology and intensive research experience in specialty areas relative to the student's interest. In the master's program, students extend their comprehension of microbiology and cognate science through advanced course work, seminars, and research. Financial subsidy may be available on a limited basis in the form of teaching assistantships.A new graduate student in microbiology and molecular genetics is advised by the Director of Graduate Studies until a major professor is chosen. The major professor assists the student in selecting a guidance committee. The committee helps the student in planning a program of study. The program must be approved by the end of the third semester of enrollment in the program. A Manual for Graduate Study in Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology is available from the department. This manual contains a philosophy of graduate education and information about the department's master's and doctoral degree programs and related procedures. Master of Science In addition to meeting the requirements of the university and of the College of Natural Science, Human Medicine, Osteopathic Medicine, or Veterinary Medicine, students must meet the requirements specified below. Admission In general, applicants should have had the equivalent of two semesters each of physics, inorganic chemistry, and organic chemistry; one biochemistry course; mathematics through integral calculus; and one or more courses in the biological sciences. Applicants should have proficiency in written and spoken English, a minimum grade–point average of 3.00. Scores on the Graduate Record Examination General Test are not required, however a personal letter of professional intent and objectives should be submitted. Although preparation in the fundamentals of microbiology is desirable, interested students with degrees in any of the physical or biological sciences or mathematics are invited to apply for admission to the program. Applicants not possessing all of the requirements may be admitted to the program provisionally and permitted to make up deficiencies on a collateral basis. Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Microbiology and Molecular Genetics The student must complete 30 credits under Plan A (with thesis) or Plan B (without thesis). The student’s program of study must be approved by the student’s guidance committee.
In addition to meeting the requirements of the university and of the College of Natural Science, Human Medicine, Osteopathic Medicine, or Veterinary Medicine, students must meet the requirements specified below.
Admission to the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Microbiology and Molecular Genetics is through the BioMolecular Science Gateway – First Year (BMS). The successful applicant will typically have: a bachelor’s degree (four-year or equivalent) or Master of Science degree that includes course work that demonstrates proficiency in math and science; a grade point average of 3.50 or above; significant research experience equivalent to a minimum of one full-time summer research experience or four semesters of part-time research experience; and strong letters of reference. Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
Failure to pass the preliminary examination will result in dismissal from the program.
Stephen E. Zepf, Chairperson
Physics is the study of the physical universe. By means of observation, experiment, theoretical constructions and computer simulations this science attempts to find the principles which describe the universe. Among the topics of physics are motion and force, energy, sound, electricity and magnetism, light, atomic and nuclear structure, nuclear reactions, electronic properties of conductors and semiconductors, materials important for energy applications, elementary particles and their interactions, particle accelerators, and the physics of living systems. The study of physics provides the basic understanding of nature and develops the analytical skills which are essential for progress in science and technology, e.g., conducting scientific research, solving environmental problems, advancing biomedical systems, and inventing cutting-edge technology.Astronomy is the study of the universe beyond Earth. The laws of physics, as they are known from laboratory experiments, are applied to stars, interstellar gas, galaxies, and space itself in an attempt to understand the detailed physical states of these entities. Astrophysics frequently involves a study of matter under extreme conditions that cannot be duplicated in the laboratory. From this point of view the universe becomes a laboratory in which naturally occurring phenomena subject matter to very large ranges of physical parameters. Cosmology, a branch of physics and astronomy, attempts to use theory and current observations to comprehend the history and evolution of the universe.The department offers diverse courses in physics and astronomy. Undergraduate programs with different emphases may be planned through an appropriate choice of electives from the departmental courses. Other interests may be pursued by concentrating the electives in mathematics, chemistry, biology, computer science, physics education, or other branches of science and engineering.
The Bachelor of Science degree with a major in Astrophysics is designed to provide an extensive background in both physics and astrophysics; a student who graduates with this degree may apply for admission to graduate study in either astronomy or physics.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Astrophysics
The Bachelor of Science degree with a major in physics is designed to provide a thorough foundation in the field of physics together with considerable background in mathematics and a balanced program in the liberal arts. It is designed for those with an interest in:
Recommended programs of study are available in a Department of Physics and Astronomy brochure.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Physics
The Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in physics is provided for those students who wish a physics major combined with a broader education in the liberal arts than the Bachelor of Science degree program permits. This degree program is also suitable for those students who plan to meet the requirements for teacher certification.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Arts Degree in Physics
The physics disciplinary majors leading to the Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees are available for teacher certification.
A physics disciplinary minor is also available for teacher certification.
Students who elect a physics disciplinary major or the physics disciplinary minor must contact the Department of Physics and Astronomy.
The Department of Physics and Astronomy offers graduate programs leading to the Masters of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in both physics and astrophysics. A Master of Science degree and a Graduate Certificate in Accelerator Science and Engineering and a Graduate Certificate in Instrumentation in High Energy Physics are also available.Current experimental and theoretical research programs include work in the general fields of accelerator physics, acoustics, atomic, molecular and optical physics, biological physics, computational physics, condensed matter physics, elementary particles, low-temperature physics, nanoscience, nuclear physics, physics education, and quantum computing.Students who are enrolled in doctoral degree programs in the Department of Physics and Astronomy may elect joint programs with many partnering departments including Biochemistry, Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Computational Mathematics Science and Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Materials Science, and Mathematics.Students who are enrolled in master’s or doctoral degree programs in the Department of Physics and Astronomy may elect an Interdepartmental Specialization in Cognitive Science. For additional information, refer to the statement on Interdepartmental Graduate Specializations in Cognitive Science in the College of Social Science section of this catalog.
For additional information, visit http://www.pa.msu.edu or contact the Department of Physics and Astronomy.
The aim of the Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degree programs in astrophysics and astronomy is to help students to develop the ability to perform independent research and to teach in this field.
Master of Science
For admission to the master's degree program in astrophysics and astronomy on regular status, the student must have:
Students who do not meet the requirements for admission to the program on regular status may be admitted on a provisional basis to remove deficiencies.
Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Astrophysics and Astronomy
For admission to the doctoral degree program in astrophysics and astronomy on regular status, the student must have:
Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Astrophysics and Astronomy
For information about the Doctor of Philosophy degree program with a major in chemical physics, refer to the statement on the Department of Chemistry.
For admission to the master's degree program in physics on regular status, the student must have:
Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Physics
The student must complete a total of 30 credits for the degree under either Plan A (with thesis) or Plan B (without thesis) including:
Concentration in Beam Physics. Students pursuing a concentration in beam physics must satisfy the regular requirements for the master's degree. Credits for the concentration may be earned through courses including PHY 861, PHY 961, PHY 962, PHY 963, and PHY 964.Additional Requirements for Plan A
For admission to the doctoral degree program in physics on regular status, the student must have:
Evidence of some undergraduate or post graduate research experience is desirable.
Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in PhysicsStudents must:
Karl Olson, Chairperson
The Department of Physiology is administered jointly by the colleges of Natural Science, Human Medicine, Osteopathic Medicine, and Veterinary Medicine.
The Department of Physiology seeks to prevent and cure diseases through basic research on genes, proteins, and the regulatory signaling systems that control fundamental processes of cellular life.
Medical research in the modern era has enabled society to conquer many bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases, including polio, diphtheria, small pox, and pneumonia. Much of medical research today focuses on diseases that result from alterations of fundamental molecular mechanisms within cells and tissues and include cancer, heart disease, kidney disease, bone and joint disorders, and diabetes. DNA carries in its sequence the genes that encode vast numbers of different proteins that are synthesized throughout the life cycle. It also encodes the regulatory instructions that determine exactly when and where each of those genes will be expressed. The Department of Physiology’s research on genes and gene regulatory mechanisms includes explorations of both the normal expression of genetic information in development and abnormal expression in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart and pulmonary disease, and neuro-degenerative diseases.
Genomics at the Systems Level. The Department of Physiology conducts basic research aimed at understanding how the genes and proteins of multicellular organisms work. The basic goal is to understand the flow of genetic information during life and the translation of this information into functioning proteins, organized in complex systems that act as signaling ensembles to govern how cells multiply, differentiate, migrate, and die. Research conducted in pursuit of this goal is widely acknowledged to be crucial to the advancement of medical science.
The Department of Physiology seeks to provide fundamental information into the way genes, their regulation and dysregulation, determine our biological fate and how they can cause disease. The department takes a multidisciplinary approach that requires the scientific skills of a variety of disciplines, including many non-traditionally associated with biomedicine, and focuses on determining how genes and proteins signal cells in the processes of multiplication, differentiation, metabolism, migration, and cell death in the context of complex organisms. With a commitment to use the latest in cellular and molecular technologies, the Department of Physiology promotes an environment in which questions of fundamental importance to medicine and biology can be addressed.
The Department of Physiology’s approach is to promote research that probes the molecular mechanisms of particular medical problems, to investigate the interaction between environment and genes especially in causing disease, and to discover the role of many genes that are involved in particular diseases. Departmental scientists seek critical information into how specific genes are controlled and expressed by factors both internal and external to the organism. An ultimate aim is to achieve the ability to manipulate the expression of genes involved in disease such that illness can be ameliorated, prevented or cured.
For the most part, departmental scientists do not concentrate directly on treating patients or developing drug therapies, but instead focus on filling critical information gaps in understanding the molecular origins of a disease, and consequently serving as a knowledge bridge that is essential for other scientists and physicians, generally in collaboration, to translate that basic research into effective treatments and cures.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Physiology
The Department of Physiology is administered jointly by the colleges of Natural Science, Human Medicine, Osteopathic Medicine, and Veterinary Medicine. Study for the Master of Science degree with a major in molecular, cellular, and integrative physiology or the Doctor of Philosophy degree with a major in molecular, cellular, and integrative physiology may be administered by any one of the four colleges referenced above.
Students who are enrolled in master’s or doctoral degree programs in the Department of Physiology may elect an Interdepartmental Specialization in Cognitive Science. For additional information, refer to the statement on Interdepartmental Graduate Specializations in Cognitive Science in the College of Social Science section of this catalog. For additional information, contact the Department of Physiology.
The department offers work leading to the Doctor of Philosophy degree and in some cases to the Master of Science degree. The principal objectives of graduate education in physiology are to obtain broad, basic knowledge in the subject matter of this and related fields, and to obtain training in physiological research methods. Major emphasis is placed upon the completion by the student of original research which should provide a significant contribution to knowledge. The facilities and staff are particularly suited to offer training in the following areas of physiology: cellular and molecular physiology, endocrinology, the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal physiology and metabolism, neurophysiology, respiration, radiobiology, lactation, renal function, reproduction, comparative physiology, and biophysics.
A manual available at the department graduate office contains information on admission policies, financial support, and requirements for the Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degree programs in physiology. Departmental graduate stipends are awarded on the basis of merit, subject to the availability of funds.
An undergraduate major in physiology is not a prerequisite to graduate study. However, a broad background in the basic sciences, including biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics (through calculus), is essential. The minimum requirements include one year of physiology, biology, or zoology; one year each of mathematics and physics; and chemistry through organic and quantitative analysis. A deficiency in these requirements may be removed by successfully completing appropriate courses as collateral work early in the graduate program. Admission is based upon evaluation of the student's past record, results of the Graduate Record Examination, and recommendations.
Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology
The student must complete 30 credits under Plan A (with thesis). The program of study is planned by the student in consultation with a major advisor and an advisory committee that includes no fewer than two additional faculty members. Usually work in one or more supporting areas is required in addition to that taken in the major field. Completion of an original research problem and the writing of an acceptable thesis based upon at least 8 credits of research are required.
Entry into the Doctor of Philosophy degree program requires that the student has a major advisor and has earned 30 graduate credits, or holds a Master of Science or professional degree, or has passed the departmental Comprehensive Examination.
Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology
Students entering a doctoral program with advanced standing must meet with the guidance committee within the first two semesters of doctoral study. The committee is composed of at least four faculty members, in addition to the major advisor, and must include one representative from another department. The course work, research program, and overall requirements needed to qualify for candidacy for the degree are planned in consultation with the guidance committee. However, the student's Guidance Committee Report is approved by the committee only after the student has demonstrated the potential to do research. Such potential may be demonstrated by any of the following:
a. previous attainment of a master's degree with a thesisb. previous publication of research resultsc. other documented evidence of research capability.
The student must pass the Comprehensive Examination within the first two years of graduate study. The Comprehensive Examination which tests the student's breadth of knowledge in physiology, is administered by the Graduate and Professional Course and Curriculum Committee. The student prepares a thesis research proposal and presents the proposal to the faculty at a seminar. The proposal must be acceptable to the guidance committee. While the program is in progress, the student meets periodically with the guidance committee for evaluation.
A dissertation based on original research outlined in the proposal must be submitted to, approved by, and defended in an oral examination before the guidance committee. The dissertation is expected to show evidence of originality in its conception and execution and must be written in a clear and logical manner. Typically, three or more years of study beyond the bachelor's degree are needed to meet these requirements.
Jiming Jiang, Chairperson
The Department of Plant Biology is administered jointly by the College of Natural Science and the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
Plant Biology is the branch of natural science that deals with all aspects of the biology of plants, encompassing all levels of biological organization from molecules to the ecosystem. Plant biology concerns itself with the study of the structure, function, evolution, physiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, and systematics of all taxonomic groups of plants and fungi. Plant biology is central to the wide divergence of disciplines that make up modern plant science at Michigan State University and deals with the relationships between plants and society. Students in this program can study all aspects of plant biology and they are trained to integrate information between different hierarchies of biological organization while at the same time developing a deep understanding of their area of specialization.
The Department of Plant Biology offers two Bachelor of Science degree programs: one in plant biology and one in environmental biology/plant biology. In addition to course work, students experience scientific research through an independent research project that is part of the graduation requirements.
The Bachelor of Science degree program with a major in plant biology is designed for students who plan to pursue careers in related disciplines.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Plant Biology
The Bachelor of Science degree program in environmental biology/plant biology is designed for students who plan to pursue careers involving plants and the environment or who plan to pursue graduate study in the biological sciences.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Environmental Biology/ Plant Biology
The Department of Plant Biology is administered jointly by the College of Natural Science and the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. The department offers Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degree programs with majors in plant biology, and a Graduate Certificate in Computational Plant Science. Those programs are referenced below. The department also offers Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degree programs with majors in plant breeding and genetics—botany and plant pathology through the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources. For information about those programs, refer to the statement on the Department of Plant Biology in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources section of this catalog.
Graduate students in plant biology may emphasize one or more of a number of special areas, including anatomy, bryology, cell biology, ecology, genetics, molecular biology, morphology, mycology, paleobotany, physiology, and taxonomy. Students are urged to take courses which provide a broad background in biological and physical sciences in addition to training in specialized areas.
Regular admission may be granted to those students who have a bachelor's degree or its equivalent, a 3.00 grade–point average, one year each of chemistry, mathematics, and physics, and appropriate training in the biological sciences.
Provisional admission may be granted to those students who do not meet the requirements for regular admission.
Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Plant Biology
The master's degree program in plant biology is available under either Plan A (with thesis) or Plan B (without thesis). The student's program of study is arranged by a guidance committee which includes the major professor.
For either Plan A or Plan B, the student must complete at least 30 credits including:
A reading knowledge of a foreign language may be required.
Regular admission may be granted to those students who have a master’s degree or its equivalent, a 3.00 grade–point average, and appropriate training in the biological sciences. Outstanding students without a master’s degree may be accepted.
Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Plant Biology
All doctoral students in plant biology must meet the requirements specified below:
Additional requirements, such as reading knowledge of one or two foreign languages, may be specified.
Lyudmila Sakhanenko, Chairperson
Statistics, as a discipline, drives data science, and provides systematic ways for scholars from all fields to collect, summarize, model, and interpreting the data, basing their decisions on these analyses and their associated computational methods. Probability theory is a branch of mathematics used to develop and analyze various aspects of statistical models guided by practical aspects of computation and scientific interpretability. In the past 20 years, statistics and probability enabled great strides to be made in the physical, biological, social, and agricultural sciences, and in engineering and business. Statistics and probability are also areas of theoretical and basic methodological research, as self-standing intellectual endeavors which are part of the mathematical and computational sciences.
The first two years of an undergraduate program in statistics stress development of a solid background in two areas, basic mathematics and computers. The rest of the student’s program involves a mixture of work selected from statistics, mathematics, and computer programming, and possibly one or more fields of application. Statistics majors who plan to do graduate work should include advanced calculus in their undergraduate programs. The department also offers courses for actuarial science majors housed in the Department of Mathematics.
Requirements for the Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Arts Degree in Statistics
The Department of Statistics and Probability offers three majors that lead to master’s degrees: applied statistics, data science, and statistics. The department also offers a major in statistics that leads to the Doctor of Philosophy degree.
Each of the master’s and doctoral degree programs is described below. For more detailed information on degree requirements please visit the department website, www.stt.msu.edu.
The goal of the master's degree program in applied statistics is to provide students with a broad understanding of the proper application of statistical methodology and with experience in using computers effectively for statistical analysis. The student may emphasize either theoretical or applied material. Special emphasis is placed on the concerns that an applied statistician must address in dealing with practical problems.
To be admitted to the master's degree program in applied statistics, the applicant should have a background in calculus equivalent to MTH 132, 133, and 234 at Michigan State University, a background in linear algebra equivalent to MTH 309 at Michigan State University, and at least one post-calculus –level course in statistics or probability. The overall grade-point average in these courses should be at least 3.0.
Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Applied Statistics
The program is available only under Plan B (without thesis). An academic advisor coordinates the student's program of study, which must be approved by the chairperson of the department.
3
The goal of the master's degree program in statistics is to provide students with a sound foundation in probability, mathematical statistics, and statistical methodology. The student may emphasize either theoretical or applied material.
To be admitted to the master’s degree program in statistics, the applicant should have a background in calculus equivalent to Mathematics 132, 133, and 234, in linear algebra equivalent to Mathematics 309, and probability and statistics equivalent to Statistics and Probability 441 and 442 at MSU with an overall grade point average of 3.0 in this course work.
Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Statistics
The program is available under either Plan A (with thesis) or Plan B (without thesis). An academic advisor coordinates the student's program of study, which must be approved by the chairperson of the department.
The student must complete:
The Doctor of Philosophy degree program with a major in statistics is designed for students who plan to pursue careers in university teaching and research or in industrial and government consulting and research.
Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Statistics
The program of study is developed by the guidance committee in consultation with the student. Students must be able to carry on significant original research in statistics or probability, as demonstrated in the dissertation, the student must also meet the requirements specified below:
Shannon Schmoll, Director
The Biological Science Program is responsible for the development and operation of a foundational core curriculum in general biology appropriate for science majors and others interested in a comprehensive introduction to the field. Courses include the two semester lecture/lab sequence Biological Science 161/171 and 162/172. Equivalent honors courses are offered as Biological Science 181H/191H and 182H/192H.
Christoph Benning, Director
Stanley L. Flegler, Director
Microscopy, the science of microscope use, traces its origins to the work of Hooke and Leeuwenhoek in the late 1600’s. There are now many types of microscopes and dozens of different imaging and analytical methods. Images may be created using visible and invisible light, electrons, magnetic forces, mechanical probes, current flow, and atomic level attractive and repulsive forces. Much of the technology in our modern world would not have been possible without the images and analytical data from microscopes.
Microscopy is a vital resource in creating and applying knowledge to help address the critical problems of the 21st century. The Center for Advanced Microscopy (CAM), a university Core Facility, is the Central microscopy laboratory for the Michigan State University campus. Teaching, research, and service work are provided in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), Laser Capture Microscopy (LCM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). CAM has a large user base from 49 departments in nine colleges. Outreach is provided on a local and national level. Our comprehensive teaching program includes NSC-810 Biological TEM Lab (FS, SS), NSC-815 Physical Science TEM Lab (FS, SS), NSC-816 Advanced Physical Science TEM lab (FS, SS), NSC-820 SEM Lab (FS, SS), and NSC-837 CLSM Lab (FS, SS).