College of Natural Science

Undergraduate students in the College of Natural Science may opt for either a Bachelor of Science or a Bachelor of Arts degree program.

The college offers programs of study culminating in a bachelor's degree with either a departmental or an interdepartmental major. All programs are liberal in character and involve a specified minimum of nonscience credits in addition to those needed to meet integrative studies requirements. Electives in both major and nonmajor areas make it possible to mold a program of interest and challenge for each student.

The departmental major features study in a single discipline and is generally considered the proper choice for concentrated study in a limited area. A departmental major consists of not fewer than 27 nor more than 79 credits in courses recognized by the college as applicable to the major. Specific major requirements are given in the sections that follow. Departmental majors are available through Lyman Briggs College as coordinate majors.

The interdepartmental major features study in several disciplines with no single discipline being dominant and is generally considered the proper choice if breadth of background in several fields of the natural sciences is desired. The college offers interdepartmental majors:  biological science–interdepartmental, earth science–interdepartmental, human biology, and physical science. In addition, the College of Education, in cooperation with the College of Natural Science, offers an integrated science teaching major for students accepted in elementary education, as well as an integrated science endorsement for secondary education science majors.  For further information, refer to the section on MSU SUBJECT MATTER TEACHING MAJORS AND MINORS FOR TEACHER PREPARATION AND CERTIFICATION in the Department of Teacher Education section of the catalog.  The interdepartmental major consists of a minimum of 45 credits (biological science) or 36 credits (earth science) and 50 credits (physical science) and not more than 67 credits in courses recognized by the college as applicable toward the major. Interdepartmental majors are available through Lyman Briggs College as coordinate majors. Interdisciplinary majors are also available through Lyman Briggs College.

Students who meet the general requirements for admission to the University shown in the Undergraduate Education section of this catalog and who are not enrolled in Lyman Briggs College are enrolled in the Undergraduate University Division but may declare a major preference in the College of Natural Science and be assigned an academic advisor in this college. All programs in the biological sciences, physical sciences, and mathematics presume a minimum of two and one–half entrance units in mathematics (one and one–half units of algebra and one unit of geometry).

1. Completion of at least 56 credits acceptable to the College with an academic record which at least meets the requirements of Academic Standing of Undergraduate Students.
2. Acceptance as a major in one of the academic programs of the College.

1. The University requirements for bachelor's degrees as described in the Undergraduate Education section of this catalog.
   
   Students who are enrolled in majors leading to Bachelor of Science and  Bachelor of Arts degrees in the College of Natural Science may complete an alternative track to Integrative Studies in Biological and Physical Sciences that consists of:
   1. One course in  Biological Science, Entomology, Microbiology, Physiology, Plant Biology, or Zoology.
   2. Chemistry 141 or 151 or 181H.
   3. Two credits of laboratory experience in biological or physical science.
      Credits earned in courses in the alternative track may also be counted toward College and major requirements for Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts degrees.
2. The requirements of the College of Natural Science for the Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts degrees that are listed below:
   1. The requirements for either a departmental major or an interdepartmental major of 27 to 79 credits. For specific requirements, see the sections that follow.
   2. A minimum grade–point average of 2.00 in courses in the student's major; i.e., in all courses that are required for the major and that are not counted toward College and University requirements.
   3. The following credit distribution requirements:
   1. A minimum of 30 credits in courses numbered 300 and above.
   2. A maximum of 67 credits in courses offered in a single curriculum division of the College; i.e., Biological Science or Mathematical Science or Physical Science.
   4. Only credits in courses graded on the numerical or Pass–No Grade system may be counted toward College and major requirements for Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts degrees in the College of Natural Science.  College of Natural Science students may not enroll in courses that are to be counted toward College and major requirements, including courses in other colleges, on a Credit–No Credit basis.
3. The requirements of the College of Natural Science for either the Bachelor of Science degree or the Bachelor of Arts degree that are listed below:
1. Requirements for the Bachelor of Science degree:
1. One semester of calculus.
2. A second semester of calculus or one semester of statistics and probability.
3. Two semesters of chemistry including at least one laboratory experience.
4. Two semesters of physics.
5. One semester of biological science.
2. Requirements for the Bachelor of Arts degree:
1. One semester of calculus.
2. A second semester of calculus or one semester of statistics and probability.
3. One semester each of biological science, chemistry, and physics including at least one laboratory experience.
4. Six credits in courses in the arts and humanities or the social, behavioral, and economic sciences beyond the credits that are counted toward the University's Integrative Studies requirement.

Many major programs which lead to a Bachelor of Science degree require a proficiency greater than the College established minimum in one, or more, of the following fields:  chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Also, for either the Bachelor of Arts or the Bachelor of Science degree, when two or more options exist for the fulfillment of any College— established requirement, one of the options may be specified as a major requirement. The specific requirements for each major program are given in the sections that follow.

Chemistry and mathematics requirements should be completed to the fullest extent possible during the freshman and sophomore years. Bachelor of Science candidates with a major in a physical science should complete the physics requirement during the sophomore year. Students with a major in a biological science may postpone completion of the physics requirement until the junior year, but should complete Biological Science 110, 111 by the end of the sophomore year.  The biology courses should be completed during the freshman year because they are prerequisites to most of the courses offered by the departments in the biological sciences.  All students should complete the University's Tier I writing requirement during the freshman year.

The College of Natural Science encourages honors students to develop distinctive undergraduate programs in their chosen fields. All qualified students in the College may also be members of the Honors College. A member of the faculty is selected to serve as advisor to Honors College students in each major field, and it is the advisor's responsibility to help the student plan a rigorous and balanced program which will also reflect the student's special interests and competencies.

The departments of the college annually offer numerous honors opportunities at both introductory and advanced levels. At the introductory level these consist chiefly of  regularly offered honors courses. Honors options are also available in many other courses. At the advanced level honors students are encouraged to undertake faculty–guided independent research in their fields of specialization. These honors experiences are provided mainly, but not exclusively, for Honors College students. In addition, honors undergraduates are encouraged, when appropriate, to undertake work at the graduate level.

The Charles Drew Science Scholars program was created to help students currently underrepresented in the sciences achieve the best possible preparation for pursuing their educational goals in science and mathematics. The program is designed to: a) assist students with the transition from high school to college and b) to expose them to the vast number of career opportunities in the sciences.

These goals are attained, in part, through problem-solving courses, specially designed courses in mathematics, and designated sections of biology and chemistry courses.  In addition, tutoring is available and students are exposed to both successful undergraduate and graduate role models.

The purpose of this program is, through advising and focused academic support, to help interested and motivated students develop the foundation for successful careers in science.  Students are encouraged to contact the College of Natural Science for additional information about this program.

All professional colleges have established minimum requirements in selected areas of knowledge for admission (hereafter referred to as admission requirements). Although fulfilling these requirements does not in itself guarantee admission, their fulfillment is a necessary first step for those who aspire to enter a professional college.

At Michigan State University students may select programs of study which help to prepare them for enrollment in professional colleges. Since the admission requirements of various professional colleges vary, it is not feasible to establish a single program that satisfies the admission requirements of all colleges in a given profession. However, in the fields of dentistry, allopathic and osteopathic medicine, podiatry, and optometry, the College of Natural Science does have suggested programs of study. These programs satisfy the minimum admission requirements of most professional colleges. It is the student's responsibility to determine whether or not the proposed program meets the minimum admission requirements of a particular professional college.

There are a number of programs of study which may be completed in the normal four years and which provide both the academic preparation for admission to a professional school and fulfill the requirements for a bachelor's degree. The preprofessional programs as outlined do not in themselves lead to a bachelor's degree.

Students who meet the requirements for admission to the University as freshmen and sophomores, as shown in the Undergraduate Education section of this catalog, may select the predental program in the College of Natural Science as their major preference.  Students who are enrolled in the predental program are enrolled in the Undergraduate University Division, but receive academic advising through the college.

University regulations require that a student who has arrived at junior standing must select a major leading to a baccalaureate degree.  The College of Natural Science does not offer a bachelor's degree program for predental students.  Therefore, upon reaching junior standing, students who have been enrolled in the predental program must be admitted to a major in either the College of Natural Science or in another college in order to complete the requirements for a bachelor's degree, regardless of whether they have completed the requirements for the predental program.

Requirements for the Predental Program

Students who meet the requirements for admission to the university as freshmen and sophomores, as shown in the Undergraduate Education section of the catalog, may select the premedical program in the College of Natural Science as their major preference.  Students who are enrolled in the premedical program are enrolled in the Undergraduate University Division, but receive academic advising through the college.

University regulations require that a student who has arrived at junior standing must select a major leading to a baccalaureate degree. The College of Natural Science does not offer a bachelor's degree program for premedical students. Therefore, upon reaching junior standing, students who have been enrolled in the premedical program must be admitted to a major in either the College of Natural Science or in another college in order to complete the requirements for a bachelor's degree, regardless of whether they have completed the requirements for the premedical program.

Requirements for the Premedical Program (including Pre–Osteopathy, Pre–Podiatry, Pre-Pharmacy, and Pre-Physician's Assistant)

Students who meet the requirements for admission to the university as freshmen and sophomores, as shown in the Undergraduate Education section of this catalog, may select the preoptometry program in the College of Natural Science as their major preference.  Students who are enrolled in the preoptometry program are enrolled in the Undergraduate University Division, but receive academic advising through the college.

University regulations require that a student who has arrived at junior standing must select a major leading to a baccalaureate degree. The College of Natural Science does not offer a bachelor's degree program for preoptometry students. Therefore, upon reaching junior standing, students who have been enrolled in the preoptometry  program must be admitted to a major in either the College of Natural Science or in another college in order to complete the requirements for a bachelor's degree, regardless of whether they have completed the requirements for the preoptometry program.

Requirements for the Preoptometry Program

1. Specific courses are not listed since admission requirements of the colleges of optometry vary greatly and can be met in several ways.  The common pattern of admission requirements is a total of 90 semester credits of which 6 to 8 credits are elected from each of the following areas:  English, physics, mathematics, biological science, chemistry, psychology, and social science.  Courses that are used to satisfy University,  college, and major requirements may be counted toward the admission requirements of colleges of optometry.
2. Students who are enrolled in the preoptometry program should complete the University requirements for bachelor's degrees as described in the Undergraduate Education section of this catalog.
   
   A Tier I writing course is included in the University requirements.  Students who are enrolled in the preoptometry program are required to meet the Tier II writing requirement approved for the student's major leading to the bachelor's degree.

The graduate programs of the College of Natural Science provide for advanced study with emphasis either in a single discipline or in the multidisciplinary areas of the biological sciences and the physical sciences. The graduate programs are designed to develop independent effort, encourage creative thinking, and educate the student in the fundamentals of basic research.

The programs of study lead to one of the following degrees:  Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Arts for Teachers, and Doctor of Philosophy. The specific degrees available and the programs leading to them for each discipline are given in the departmental or program listing.

Each student's program of study is arranged to suit individual needs, the only restriction being that the final program must conform to one of the general patterns approved by the faculty. The general university requirements for these degrees are given in the Graduate Education section of this catalog. A department or college may specify additional requirements. Most of the departments in the college require participation in teaching during the course of the graduate program.

Students who are enrolled in doctoral degree programs in departments and programs emphasizing environmental science and policy may elect the Graduate Specialization in Environmental Science and Policy. For additional information, refer to the Graduate Specialization in Environmental Science and Policy statement in the College of Social Science section of this catalog.

Students who are enrolled in master’s and doctoral degree programs in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, the College of Natural Science, and the College of Veterinary Medicine may elect the Graduate Specialization in Fish and Wildlife Disease Ecology and Conservation Medicine. For additional information, refer to the statement on Graduate Specialization in Fish and Wildlife Disease Ecology and Conservation Medicine in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources section of this catalog.

Students who are enrolled in Master of Science degree programs in the departments of Entomology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Plant Pathology may elect a Specialization in Food Safety.  For additional information, refer to the statement on the specialization in the College of Veterinary Medicine section of this catalog.

Students seeking a doctoral degree in biochemistry and molecular biology, cell and molecular biology, genetics, microbiology and molecular genetics, pharmacology and toxicology, or physiology should apply through the BioMolecular Science Gateway - First Year for admission to any of these Ph.D. programs. Students should select the Ph.D. program in which they have the greatest interest. During the first two semesters of enrollment, students  will have the opportunity to choose and complete at least four courses in appropriate disciplinary subjects. In the spring semester of the first year, they will have the opportunity to continue with the Ph.D. program initially selected or  change to one of the other five programs which aligns most closely with their educational goals. For additional information about the individual Ph.D. programs, refer to the statements on the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and Physiology in the College of Natural Science section of this catalog, statements on the programs in Cell and Molecular Biology and Genetics in the College of Natural Science section of this catalog, and statement on the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the College of  Osteopathic Medicine section of this catalog.

The Master of Arts for Teachers degree is designed to provide an enriching educational experience for teachers who are interested in a program of graduate study with less specialization in a science area than is common in most master's degree programs. The degree is for teachers who wish to take graduate work in a subject–matter area but who do not anticipate continuation of graduate study beyond the master's level. However, the student who holds the Master of Arts for Teachers degree may, upon the satisfactory completion of additional work as recommended by the appropriate academic unit, become eligible for admission to a doctoral program.

The degree may be earned with a major in chemistry, general science, geological sciences, or mathematics.
In addition to meeting the requirements of the University as described in the Graduate Education section of this catalog, students must meet the requirements specified below.

Admission

An applicant for admission to the Master of Arts for Teachers program must be a senior in or a graduate of an institution having substantially the same requirements for the bachelor's degree as Michigan State University, and possess, or be a candidate for, a teacher's certificate. Admission is recommended by the director of the program in which admission is sought, with approval of the Dean of the College of Natural Science.

Requirements for the Master of Arts for Teachers Degree

An appropriate course of study is planned with the candidate by an advisor from the academic unit in the College of Natural Science to which the candidate has been admitted. The minimum number of credits required for the degree is 30, in addition to any credits which must be taken to complete requirements for provisional teacher certification. A comprehensive written or oral examination may be required. A thesis is usually not required, but should one be required, a maximum of 10 semester credits may be allotted for it. The student must complete the requirements for provisional teacher certification before the degree may be granted.

Academic Standards

The minimum standard is a 3.00 grade–point average. Standards may be set higher than the minimum by the academic unit responsible for the degree program. The accumulation of grades below 3.0 in more than three courses of 3 or more credits each, or deferreds in more than three courses of 3 or more credits each at any given time, or a combination of the above in excess of four courses may remove the student from candidacy for the degree. A student who fails to meet the academic standards for any program may, on recommendation of the director, be required by the dean to withdraw at the end of the semester.

Residence

The minimum residence requirement is 8 credits on campus. Some programs may require more.

Time Limit

The time limit for the completion of the Master of Arts for Teachers degree is six years from the beginning of the first semester in which credit was earned toward the degree.

The Master of Science is the conventional degree for all majors in the College of Natural Science. The Master of Arts may be conferred upon student request and College approval in the Department of Statistics and Probability.

In addition to meeting the requirements of the University as described in the Graduate Education section of this catalog, students must meet the requirements specified below.

Admission

Admission to provisional status may be used to indicate incomplete records, incomplete interpretation of available records, a grade–point average below 3.00 but with other evidence of good capacity, or minor deficiencies in subject matter.

Students may be transferred from one classification to another at any time by the dean, normally upon the recommendation of the department.

The college as a whole does not require an entrance examination. However, all departments expect students to provide Graduate Record Examination General Test scores.

Requirements for the Master of Science or Master of Arts Degree

For Plan A, a maximum of 15 credits of master's thesis research may be permitted.

Academic Standards

The minimum standard is a 3.00 grade–point average. Standards may be set higher than the minimum by the academic unit responsible for the degree program. The accumulation of grades below 3.0 in more than three courses of 3 or more credits each, or deferreds in more than three courses of 3 or more credits each at any given time, or a combination of the above in excess of four courses automatically removes the student from candidacy for the degree. A student who fails to meet the academic standards for any program may, on recommendation of the director, be required by the dean to withdraw at the end of any semester.

Residence

The minimum residence requirement is 8 credits on campus. A program may require more.

Time Limit

The time limit for completion of the master's degree is six years from the beginning of the first semester in which credit was earned toward the degree.

The Doctor of Philosophy degree is awarded for an original contribution to scientific knowledge and high attainment of scholarship in the mathematical or natural sciences.  This degree, with its emphasis on research in the frontiers of science, is the traditional terminal degree in the College of Natural Science.

In addition to meeting the requirements of the university as described in the Graduate Education section of this catalog, students must meet the requirements specified below.

Admission

Admission may be granted to a student who has a record of high scholastic attainment and demonstrated research potential acceptable to the department or program and to the college. A master's degree in an appropriate subject–matter field may be required, but the completion of a master's degree is not a guarantee of admission. Most programs require the applicant to submit Graduate Record Examination General Test scores; many also require the Graduate Record Examination Subject Test in the area of specialization.

Admission to provisional status may be used to indicate incomplete records, incomplete interpretation of available records, grade–point average below 3.00 but with additional evidence of good capacity, or minor deficiencies in subject matter.

Students may be transferred from one classification to another at any time by the dean, normally upon the recommendation of the department.

Academic Standards

The minimum standard is a 3.00 grade–point average. Standards may be set higher than the minimum by the academic unit responsible for the degree program. The accumulation of grades below 3.0 in more than three courses of 3 or more credits each, or deferreds in more than three courses of 3 or more credits each at any given time, or a combination of the above in excess of four courses automatically removes the student from candidacy for the degree.

A student who fails to meet the academic standards for any program may, on recommendation of the director, be required by the dean to withdraw at the end of any semester.

Residence

In some programs a student may be permitted to enter the doctoral program without taking a master's degree. In such cases 30 semester credits of approved work are considered the equivalent of the master's degree, and the minimum residence requirement for the combined program is three semesters, involving at least 4 credits of graduate work each semester.

The Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Mathematics Education are administered jointly by the College of Natural Science and the College of Education. The College of Natural Science is the primary administrative unit.

The Master of Science Degree in Mathematics Education is designed for persons who show promise of becoming researchers and leaders in state, national, and international mathematics education communities. The program prepares researchers and leaders to address critical questions about mathematics education. Students will have opportunities to develop analytical perspectives on current issues in mathematics education.

Students who may be interested in this program include the following: (1) graduates of undergraduate mathematics or mathematics education programs who are interested in research-based academic careers; (2) K-12 teachers who intend to return to the classroom with strong, research-oriented knowledge and experience in mathematics education; (3) graduates of undergraduate mathematics or mathematics education programs who are interested in the application of knowledge to curriculum or policy development, curriculum development, policy, assessment, etc., not necessarily with a focus on research; and (4) graduates of master’s or doctoral programs in mathematics who wish to become mathematics education faculty in a college or university mathematics or education department.
Students will have opportunities to acquire an understanding and experience in various aspects of the mathematics education field including investigation of mathematical learning and teaching, the development of instructional materials, participation in policy formation and analysis, development and use of assessment, and integration of technology into mathematics learning and teaching.

In addition to meeting the requirements of the university, students must meet the requirements specified below.

Admission

The program admits students with a variety of backgrounds. Some students will have equally strong backgrounds in education and mathematics. Others may have more extensive prior preparation in one of these two disciplines. Candidates should have the equivalent of an undergraduate major in mathematics or satisfactory completion of course work in mathematics appropriate to the applicant’s program of study and approved by an Admissions Committee of the Mathematics Education Faculty Group, with the expectation of completing additional mathematics study if necessary. In such cases, the guidance committee will help the candidate design a program that includes appropriate course work in mathematics. Applicants with deficiencies in academic preparation may be admitted provisionally. These collateral courses will not count toward the degree. In addition, K-12 teaching experience is strongly encouraged, but not required. The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) General Test is required of all applicants.

Students will be admitted to the program by an Admissions Committee composed of members of the Mathematics Education Faculty Group. All admitted students will be assigned an academic advisor.

Candidates will apply directly to the Mathematics Education Graduate Program, and must have three letters of recommendation sent to the Director of the Mathematics Education Graduate Program.

Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Mathematics Education

The student must complete a minimum of 31 credits for the degree under Plan A (with thesis). The student’s program of study must be approved by the student’s academic advisor and must include:

The Doctor of Philosophy degree in Mathematics Education is designed for persons who show promise of becoming leaders in local, state, national, and international mathematics education communities. The program prepares researchers and leaders to address critical issues in mathematics education by developing analytical perspectives for research, engaging in reflective teaching, and deepening mathematical knowledge.

Students who may be interested in the program include the following: (1) graduates of undergraduate mathematics or mathematics education programs with interests in research and academic careers; and (2) K-12 teachers, intending to return to the classroom or to leadership in schools and districts, who desire strong, research-oriented knowledge and experience in mathematics education.
Students will have opportunities to acquire an understanding and experience in various aspects of the mathematics education field including investigation of mathematical learning and teaching, the development of instructional materials, participation in policy formation, development and use of assessment, and the integration of technology into mathematics learning and teaching. Students will address issues of research ethics in the Proseminar in Mathematics Education.

A career at any level in mathematics education requires substantive knowledge of the core discipline of mathematics. Each student will plan with his or her guidance committee a set of courses in mathematics that, together with the student’s prior course work and teaching experiences, are appropriate for the student’s career plans.

In addition to meeting the requirements of the University and of the College of Natural Science, students must meet the requirements specified below.

Admission

The program admits students with a variety of backgrounds.  Some students will have equally strong backgrounds in education and mathematics. Others may have more extensive prior preparation in one of these two disciplines. Candidates should have the equivalent of an undergraduate major in mathematics or satisfactory completion of course work in mathematics appropriate to the applicant’s program of study and approved by the Admissions Committee, with the expectation of completing additional mathematics study if necessary.  In such cases, the guidance committee will help the candidate to design a program that includes appropriate course work in mathematics. Applicants with deficiencies in academic preparation may be admitted provisionally. These collateral courses will not count toward the degree. In addition, K-12 teaching experience is strongly encouraged, but not required.  The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) General Test is required of all applicants.

Admissions decisions will be made by an Admissions Committee composed of members of the Mathematics Education Faculty Group.  A student who shows promise for success at doctoral study but who needs additional background to be eligible for admission to the Ph.D. program will be provided with specific conditions to be met before admission.  Upon successful completion of these requirements, the student may reapply.

Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Mathematics Education

The student must complete the requirements listed below. The student’s program of study must be approved by the student’s academic advisor and must include:

The College of Natural Science offers interdepartmental degree programs in biological science–interdepartmental; cell and molecular biology; earth science–interdepartmental; ecology, evolutionary biology and behavior; general science; genetics; genetics–environmental toxicology; human biology; neuroscience; and physical science–interdepartmental.  These programs are designed to serve students who wish to develop a broad background in the natural sciences.  Students who desire academic preparation in the natural sciences with emphasis in a single discipline should enroll in a departmental major.  The interdepartmental programs are not intended for this purpose.

Students interested in elementary education who wish to major in science should reference the section on MSU SUBJECT MATTER TEACHING MAJORS AND MINORS FOR TEACHER PREPARATION AND CERTIFICATION in the Department of Teacher Education section of this catalog.

The biological science–interdepartmental disciplinary major leading to the Bachelor of Science degree is available for teacher certification.
A biological science disciplinary minor is also available for secondary teacher certification.

Students who elect the biological science–interdepartmental disciplinary major or the biological science disciplinary minor must contact the College of Natural Science.

The earth science–interdepartmental disciplinary major leading to the Bachelor of Science degree is available for teacher certification.

An earth science disciplinary minor is also available for secondary teacher certification.

Students who elect the earth science–interdepartmental disciplinary major or the earth science disciplinary minor must contact the Department of Geological Sciences.

The physical science–interdepartmental disciplinary major leading to the Bachelor of Science degree is available for secondary teacher certification.

Students who elect the physical science–interdepartmental disciplinary major must contact the College of Natural Science.

For additional information, refer to the statement on TEACHER CERTIFICATION in the Department of Teacher Education section of this catalog.

The Specialization in Environmental Studies is available as an elective to all students who are enrolled in bachelor's degree programs in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, the College of Communication Arts and Sciences, the College of Engineering, the College of Natural Science, and the College of Social Science.  The specialization is administered jointly by the five colleges referenced above.  The College of Natural Science is the primary administrative unit. 

The Specialization in Environmental Studies is designed to:

1. provide knowledge essential for understanding the physical environment that is inhabited and influenced by humans.
2. explain the way in which direct and indirect policy–making by social, economic, and political institutions affects environmental issues.

Students who elect the specialization are encouraged to complete Integrative Studies in Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences 225 in partial fulfillment of the University Integrative Studies requirement.  Students who elect the specialization may complete an optional environmental studies project of 1 to 3 credits during the sophomore year.

Freshmen who have either declared the intent to complete the Specialization in Environmental Studies or who have declared a major preference for one of the bachelor's degree programs that are related to environmental studies may elect the two–year Residential Initiative on the Study of the Environment (RISE).  Students who elect this option will be housed in Hubbard Hall, where several of the courses that are required for the specialization will be taught.  This integrated living–learning environment will allow students from the several colleges and disciplines to develop a sense of community and will promote a team approach to solving environmental problems.

Requirements for the Specialization in Environmental Studies

The student must meet the requirements specified below:

With the prior written approval of the RISE Coordinator who administers a course in the specialization, another course may be substituted for that course.  Before a student requests a substitution, the student should consult with his or her academic advisor to ensure that the substitution will not adversely affect the requirements for his or her degree program.

The interdepartmental graduate Specialization in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior is available for students who are enrolled in master's degree programs at Michigan State University whose course of study involves ecology, evolutionary biology and behavior. The College of Natural Science administers the specialization.

The interdepartmental graduate Specialization in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior is designed to:

1. provide an opportunity for master’s students to obtain a comprehensive and contemporary academic experience in the field of ecology, evolutionary biology and behavior.
2. help graduate students with an interest in ecology,  evolutionary biology and behavior to become sensitive to their professional obligations and responsibilities.
3. develop an intellectual environment which will foster the growth of research and teaching in the area of ecology,  evolutionary biology and behavior.

A student who is enrolled in a master's degree program who wishes to complete the requirements for the interdepartmental Graduate Specialization in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior should have a minimum grade–point average of 3.00 and have grades of 3.0 or higher in quantitative science courses.

Requirements for the Interdepartmental Graduate Specialization in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior

During the first year of study toward a master's degree, the student and the major professor select a guidance committee that will assist in planning the student's program of study for both the degree and the specialization. At least one member of   the student's guidance committee shall be a member of the Ecology, Evolutionary Biology  and Behavior faculty. 

The specialization consists of the completion of the ecology, evolutionary biology and behavior required core courses listed below. Credits that are used to meet the requirements for the specialization may also be counted toward the requirements for the student's major at the discretion of the department.

Required Core Courses

1. One 3-credit course in ecology at the 800-900 level from a list of approved courses available from the office of the ecology, evolutionary biology and behavior program.
2. One 3-credit course in evolution at the 800-900 level from a list of approved courses available from the office of the ecology, evolutionary biology and behavior program.

The College of Natural Science, the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, the College of Engineering, and the College of Veterinary Medicine administer the Graduate Specialization in Environmental Toxicology. The College of Agriculture and Natural Resources is the primary administrative unit. For additional information, refer to the Graduate Specialization in Environmental Toxicology statement in the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources section of this catalog.

Thomas D. Sharkey, Chairperson

The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology is administered jointly by the colleges of Natural Science, Human Medicine, and Osteopathic Medicine.

Biochemistry is the discipline focused on studying the molecular basis of life. In addition to defining the chemical nature of the molecules of life, biochemists seek to understand the processes involved in their formation and degradation and how these processes are regulated. Such knowledge is a prerequisite for understanding normal biological functions and for adapting or modifying them for useful purposes. It is also fundamental to understanding abnormal functions that underlie biochemical disorders, ultimately leading to their treatment. Thus, biochemistry is a field with significance and applications across the biological spectrum, from the microbial through the plant and animal kingdoms. The potential significance of new discoveries in biochemistry, coupled with the rapid pace of conceptual and methodological advances in the field, make modern biochemistry a most exciting area for study and research.

The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology offers a program leading to the Bachelor of Science degree. The undergraduate program coexists with an extensive graduate program for students seeking the M.S. or Ph.D. degrees. Both undergraduate and graduate students have ready access to a large and diverse faculty representing expertise in the various areas of modern biochemistry.

Biochemists have many career opportunities that make use of the knowledge gained during study at the undergraduate or graduate level. These include research in industrial, academic, or government laboratories; teaching at the high school or higher levels; and marketing, management, or administrative responsibilities in enterprises where training in biochemistry is an asset.

The Bachelor of Science program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology for students in the College of Natural Science combines the elements of a liberal education with thorough preparation in biochemistry and molecular biology and the underlying principles of biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. It is intended primarily for those students who wish to pursue a career in which a sound knowledge of biochemistry and molecular biology is necessary, or for students who plan further studies at the graduate or professional level. With suitable choice of electives, the B.S. program offers the option of merging rigorous training in biochemistry and molecular biology with development of writing or pedagogical skills, leading to career options in science writing or teaching.

Undergraduate students are taught by professors who are familiar with the changing directions and emphases in the field of biochemistry and molecular biology. Each student has as an academic advisor a professional biochemist who is aware of current problems and opportunities in the field. In addition, a departmental undergraduate student affairs office is available to provide students with up–to–date information on university curriculum changes, career opportunities, and program development. Interested undergraduates are encouraged to participate, along with graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, in the on–going research of one of the faculty members.

Students seeking admission to the program should complete the high school science or college preparatory curriculum, ensuring that their programs include courses required for admission to the university.

Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree  in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

1. The University requirements for bachelor's degrees as described in the Undergraduate Education section of this catalog; 120 credits, including general elective credits, are required for the Bachelor of Science degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
   
   The University's Tier II writing requirement for the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology major is met by completing Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 471. That course is referenced in item 3. b. below.
   
   Students who are enrolled in the College of Natural Science may complete the alternative track to Integrative Studies in Biological and Physical Sciences that is described in item 1. under the heading Graduation Requirements in the College statement.  Certain courses referenced in requirement 3. below may be used to satisfy the alternative track.
2. The requirements of the College of Natural Science for the Bachelor of Science degree.
   
   The credits earned in certain courses referenced in requirement 3. below may be counted toward College requirements as appropriate.
3. The following requirements for the major:

The Bachelor of Science program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Biotechnology is intended primarily for those students who plan to pursue careers in industry, veterinary medicine, or related health sciences, or for students who plan advanced study in biotechnology and molecular biology.

The core curriculum in the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Biotechnology program is identical to that of the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology program.  Additional course work introduces the student to the chemical engineering and microbiological aspects of biotechnology and allows for specialization through a broad range of approved biotechnology courses  in the junior and senior years.

Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Biotechnology

1. The University requirements for bachelor's degrees as described in the Undergraduate Education section of this catalog; 120 credits, including general elective credits, are required for the Bachelor of Science degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Biotechnology.
   
   The University's Tier II writing requirement for the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/Biotechnology major is met by completing Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 471.  That course is referenced in item 3 b. below.
   
   Students who are enrolled in the College of Natural Science may complete the alternative track to Integrative Studies in Biological and Physical Sciences that is described in item 1. under the heading Graduation Requirements in the College statement.  Certain courses referenced in requirement 3. below may be used to satisfy the alternative track.
2. The requirements of the College of Natural Science for the Bachelor of Science degree.
   
   The credits earned in certain courses referenced in requirement 3. below may be counted toward College requirements as appropriate.
3. The following requirements for the major:

The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology is administered jointly by the colleges of Natural Science, Human Medicine, and Osteopathic Medicine.  Study for the Master of Science or Doctor of Philosophy degree with a major in biochemistry and molecular biology may be administered by any one of the three colleges referenced above. Study for the Doctor of Philosophy degree with a major in biochemistry and molecular biology—environmental toxicology is administered by the College of Natural Science. In addition, students may pursue dual majors with the Departments of Chemistry, Computer Science and Engineering, or Physics and Astronomy.

Areas of active research in the department are extensive and diverse. Such areas include protein structure, molecular biophysics, plant biochemistry, biochemistry of gene expression, metalloenzymology, biochemical instrumentation, eukaryotic and prokaryotic molecular biology, intermediary metabolism, metabolic regulation, and membrane biochemistry. Opportunities are also available for joint programs or research in genetics, neuroscience, toxicology, biotechnology, microbial ecology, and plant sciences.

The major objectives of the graduate programs in biochemistry are to help students to develop their creative potential and to prepare them for careers in research and teaching in the biochemical sciences. Students' programs of study are designed to develop independent thought as well as broad knowledge and technical skills, through formal and informal courses, laboratory experience, seminars, individual study, and, foremost, through original research that forms the basis for the student's thesis or dissertation.

In addition to meeting the requirements of the university and of the College of Natural Science, Human Medicine, or Osteopathic Medicine, students must meet the requirements specified below.

Admission

Persons with bachelor's degrees in chemistry, biochemistry, or any of several biological, physical, medical, or agricultural sciences are invited to apply for admission. Undergraduate preparation should include courses in general, organic, analytical, and physical chemistry, and in physics, general biology, basic biochemistry, and mathematics through calculus. Minor deficiencies may be rectified by taking appropriate undergraduate courses concurrently with graduate courses.

Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

A total of 30 credits is required for the degree under either Plan A (with thesis) or Plan B (without thesis).  Most students earn the degree under Plan A.  A student may pursue Plan B only with the approval of the department's Director of Graduate Studies and chairperson.  Such approval is granted only in exceptional cases. The program of study is planned by the student and the major professor.  Specific courses in biochemistry, as well as courses in other areas considered relevant to the student's interests and chosen research area, are included in the program.

In addition to meeting the requirements of the university and of the College of Natural Science, Human Medicine, or Osteopathic Medicine, students must meet the requirements specified below.

Admission

Persons with a bachelor's or master's degree in chemistry, biochemistry, or any of several biological, physical, medical, or agricultural sciences are invited to apply for admission. Undergraduate preparation should include courses in general, organic, analytical, and physical chemistry, and in physics, general biology, basic biochemistry, and mathematics through calculus. Minor deficiencies may be rectified by taking appropriate undergraduate collateral courses concurrently with graduate courses.

Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

The program of study is planned by the student in consultation with the major professor and a guidance committee. Specific courses in biochemistry, as well as courses in other areas considered relevant to the student's interests and chosen research area, are included in the program.

It is expected that the dissertation will show original treatment of an important research problem, will give evidence of independent thought, and will be clearly, logically, and carefully written. It is also expected that the research on which the dissertation is based will be published in the scientific literature.

Students are encouraged to apply for admission to the Ph.D. program through the BioMolecular Science Gateway – First Year, where students choose a doctoral major from any of six Ph.D. programs: biochemistry and molecular biology, cell and molecular biology, genetics, microbiology and molecular genetics, pharmacology and toxicology, or physiology. For additional information refer to the College of Natural Science section of this catalog.

For information about the Doctor of Philosophy degree program in biochemistry and molecular biology—environmental toxicology, refer to the statement on Doctoral Program in Environmental and Integrative Toxicological Sciences in the Graduate Education section of this catalog.

Laboratory testing to diagnose, monitor, and treat human disease is a critical component of modern health care. The Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics Program offers three undergraduate degree programs to assist students in entering the exciting, hi-tech world of the clinical laboratory. Clinical laboratory science, traditionally called medical technology, is the health profession focused on the provision of high quality medical laboratory tests on blood and body fluids. Diagnostic molecular science is a related  laboratory profession specializing in DNA testing.  Based in the sciences of chemistry, biology, mathematics, and physics, the profession provides challenging careers for individuals interested in the medical applications of these sciences. Clinical laboratory scientists and diagnostic molecular scientists manage the testing process from the selection of high quality tests to the reporting of results to the health care provider. This includes method selection and development, assay performance, and results analysis in a highly automated and computerized environment.  Clinical laboratory scientists and diagnostic molecular scientists also manage laboratory operations including quality assurance, marketing, personnel management, regulatory compliance, and financial management.  Students desiring these careers should plan to gain national certification as a Medical Laboratory Scientist (MLS). Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics Program advisors will assist students in this process.

The curricula in the Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics Program build on a foundation of basic science. Courses such as hematology, immunology, immunohematology, hemostasis, clinical microbiology, molecular laboratory diagnostics, and clinical chemistry have a diagnostic medical emphasis. As a result, many students preparing for graduate professional education in medicine, dentistry, veterinary sciences, forensics, and other health professions select a Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics Program major.

Employment in medical diagnostic laboratories is just one of the many opportunities available to graduates. The skills applicable to a medical laboratory translate readily into research and industrial settings. Graduates also find employment in pharmaceutical and medical supply sales. Alumni successfully compete for admission to graduate and graduate professional schools.

Three undergraduate programs that lead to the Bachelor of Science degree are available: biomedical laboratory science, clinical laboratory sciences and diagnostic molecular science. These programs are designed to meet the professional needs of graduates entering a highly regulated and rapidly changing technological environment and to prepare students for continuing professional education and advanced study beyond the bachelor’s degree.

The biomedical laboratory science major is designed to prepare students for careers as laboratorians in a variety of settings or to pursue graduate or advanced professional education.  The clinical laboratory experience required for national certification as a laboratory professional is not included in this program.  Students desiring certification are responsible for securing accredited clinical experiences subsequent to completion of the degree requirements.  The Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics Program will assist students in seeking and gaining placements.

Admission as a Junior

Students must meet the requirements for admission to the College of Natural Science.

Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Biomedical Laboratory Science

1. The University requirements for bachelor's degrees as described in the Undergraduate Education section of this catalog; 120 credits, including general elective credits, are required for the Bachelor of Science degree in Biomedical Laboratory Science.
   
   The University's Tier II writing requirement for the Biomedical Laboratory Science  major is met by completing Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics 455.  That course is referenced in item 3. b. below.
   
   Students who are enrolled in the College of Natural Science may complete the alternative track to Integrative Studies in Biological and Physical Sciences that is described in item 1. under the heading Graduation Requirements in the College statement.  Certain courses referenced in requirement 3. below may be used to satisfy the alternative track.
2. The requirements of the College of Natural Science for the Bachelor of Science degree.
   
   The credits earned in certain courses referenced in requirement 3. below may be counted toward College requirements as appropriate.
3. The following requirements for the major:

   a.	Courses outside Biomedical Laboratory Science (43 to 48 credits):
   	(1)	All of the following courses (26 credits):
   		BS	161	Cell and Molecular Biology			3
   		BS	171	Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory			2
   		CEM	141	General Chemistry			4
   		CEM	161	Chemistry Laboratory I			1
   		CEM	162	Chemistry Laboratory II			1
   		CEM	251	Organic Chemistry I			3
   		CEM	252	Organic Chemistry II			3
   		MMG	463	Medical Microbiology			3
   		PHY	231	Introductory Physics I			3
   		PHY	232	Introductory Physics II			3
   	(2)	One of the following courses (3 credits):
   		MTH	124	Survey of Calculus I			3
   		MTH	132	Calculus I			3
   	(3)	One of the following courses (3 or 4 credits):
   		STT	200	Statistical Methods			3
   		STT	201	Statistical Methods			4
   		STT	231	Statistics for Scientists			3
   		STT	351	Probability and Statistics for Engineering			3
   		STT	421	Statistics I			3
   	(4)	One of the following, either (a) or (b) (4 or 6 credits):
   		(a)	BMB	401	Comprehensive Biochemistry		4
   		(b)	BMB	461	Advanced Biochemistry I		3
   			BMB	462	Advanced Biochemistry II		3
   	(5)	One of the following, either (a), (b), or (c) (4 or 6 credits):
   		(a)	PSL	250	Introductory Physiology		4
   		(b)	PSL	310	Physiology for Pre-Health Professionals		4
   		(c)	PSL	431	Human Physiology I		3
   			PSL	432	Human Physiology II		3
   	(6)	One of the following courses (3 credits):
   		MMG	201	Fundamentals of Microbiology			3
   		MMG	301	Introductory Microbiology			3
   b.	All of the following Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics courses (31 credits):
   	BLD	204	Mechanisms of Disease				3
   	BLD	213	Application of Clinical Laboratory Principles				2
   	BLD	220	Preparing for a Health Professions Career				1
   	BLD	324	Fundamentals of Hematology, Hemostasis and Urinalysis				3
   	BLD	414	Clinical Chemistry Analysis and Practice				3
   	BLD	416	Clinical Chemistry				4
   	BLD	424	Advanced Hematology, Hemostasis, and Urinalysis				2
   	BLD	430	Molecular Laboratory Diagnostics				2
   	BLD	434	Clinical Immunology				3
   	BLD	435	Transfusion and Transplantation Medicine				3
   	BLD	450	Eukaryotic Pathogens				3
   	BLD	455	Integrating Clinical Laboratory Science Discipline (W)				2

The clinical laboratory sciences major is designed to prepare students for certification in medical technology/clinical laboratory science. The program includes courses in the biomedical laboratory sciences, communications, mathematics and statistics, and clinical laboratory sciences coupled with clinical practicum experiences. It is designed to prepare graduates for certification and immediate employment in clinical laboratories upon graduation by including a six-month hospital laboratory experience. Admission to this program is limited. Students seeking admission must complete the admission procedure outlined below.

The Bachelor of Science degree program in clinical laboratory sciences has been accredited by the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 5600 N. River Road, Suite 720, Rosemont, Illinois 60018.

Admission as a Junior

Enrollment in the clinical laboratory sciences major is limited. A new class is admitted at the junior level each fall semester. Students beyond junior standing may be considered for admission contingent upon the projected schedule for completion of the degree requirements and availability of clinical placement sites. Applications for admission are accepted at any time.

To be considered for admission, the applicant must meet the following minimal criteria, in addition to the College of Natural Science admission requirements:

1. Have an overall grade-point average of 2.5 or better including courses taken at other institutions.
2. Have completed Biological Science 161 and 171; Chemistry 251 and 252; and Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics 213.

Students may apply before attainment of the above criteria in order to demonstrate their intentions to major in clinical laboratory sciences, however their applications will not be processed until all requirements are fulfilled. Students who present other exceptional credentials but do not meet the grade-point criterion noted above may be considered for admission on a probationary basis.

Applications for admission to the clinical laboratory sciences major are reviewed by a committee of faculty. Factors considered by the Admission Committee in the applicant’s review and admission action are (1) academic record including grade-point averages in science and non-science courses, (2) grades for selected preclinical courses, (3) laboratory science exposure, (4) interview, and (5) compositions.

Academic Standards

To progress to the clinical phase of the curriculum, students must earn a grade-point average of 2.0 or higher in Microbiology and Molecular Genetics 463 and Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics 324, 417, and 435.

A specific statement of the policies for the clinical phase is provided in the Student Policies for Clinical Laboratory Science Students. These policies are provided to all students upon acceptance to the major, but may be obtained earlier from the Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics Program, 322 N. Kedzie Hall. Admitted students are responsible for knowing and adhering to these program policies.

Requirements for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Clinical Laboratory Sciences

1. A minimum of 136 credits is required for the Bachelor of Science degree in Clinical Laboratory Sciences.
2. The University requirements for bachelor's degrees as described in the Undergraduate Education section of this catalog.
   
   The University's Tier II writing requirement for the Clinical Laboratory Sciences major is met by completing Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics 455.  That course is referenced in item 4. b. below.
   
   Students who are enrolled in the College of Natural Science may complete the alternative track to Integrative Studies in Biological and Physical Sciences that is described in item 1. under the heading Graduation Requirements in the College statement.  Certain courses referenced in requirement 4. below may be used to satisfy the alternative track.
3. The requirements of the College of Natural Science for the Bachelor of Science degree.
   
   The credits earned in certain courses referenced in requirement 4. below may be counted toward College requirements as appropriate.
4. The following requirements for the major:

   a.	Courses outside Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics (48 to 50 credits):
   	(1)	All of the following courses (31 credits):
   		BS	161	Cell and Molecular Biology			3
   		BS	171	Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory			2
   		CEM	141	General Chemistry			4
   		CEM	161	Chemistry Laboratory I			1
   		CEM	162	Chemistry Laboratory II			1
   		CEM	251	Organic Chemistry I			3
   		CEM	252	Organic Chemistry II			3
   		CEM	333	Instrumental Methods and Applications			3
   		MMG	463	Medical Microbiology			3
   		MMG	464	Diagnostic Microbiology Laboratory			2
   		PHY	231	Introductory Physics I			3
   		PHY	232	Introductory Physics II			3
   	(2)	One of the following courses (3 credits):
   		MTH	124	Survey of Calculus I			3
   		MTH	132	Calculus I			3
   	(3)	One of the following courses (3 or 4 credits):
   		STT	200	Statistical Methods			3
   		STT	201	Statistical Methods			4
   		STT	231	Statistics for Scientists			3
   		STT	351	Probability and Statistics for Engineering			3
   		STT	421	Statistics I			3
   	(4)	One of the following, either (a) or (b) (4 or 6 credits):
   		(a)	BMB	401	Comprehensive Biochemistry		4
   		(b)	BMB	461	Advanced Biochemistry I		3
   			BMB	462	Advanced Biochemistry II		3
   	(5)	One of the following, either (a), (b), or (c) (4 or 6 credits):
   		(a)	PSL	250	Introductory Physiology		4
   		(b)	PSL	310	Physiology for Pre-Health Professionals		4
   		(c)	PSL	431	Human Physiology I		3
   			PSL	432	Human Physiology II		3
   	(6)	One of the following courses (3 credits):
   		MMG	201	Fundamentals of Microbiology			3
   		MMG	301	Introductory Microbiology			3
   b.	All of the following Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics courses (53 credits):
   	BLD	204	Mechanisms of Disease				3
   	BLD	213	Application of Clinical Laboratory Principles				2
   	BLD	220	Preparing for a Health Professions Career				1
   	BLD	324	Fundamentals of Hematology, Hemostasis and Urinalysis				3
   	BLD	324L	Introductory Laboratory in Hematology, Hemostasis and Urinalysis				1
   	BLD	416	Clinical Chemistry				4
   	BLD	417	Quality Processes in Diagnostic Laboratory Testing				2
   	BLD	424	Advanced Hematology, Hemostasis, and Urinalysis				2
   	BLD	424L	Advanced Laboratory in Hematology, Hemostasis, and Urinalysis				1
   	BLD	430	Molecular Laboratory Diagnostics				2
   	BLD	433	Clinical Immunology and Immunohematology Laboratory				1
   	BLD	434	Clinical Immunology				3
   	BLD	435	Transfusion and Transplantation Medicine				3
   	BLD	442	Education and Management in the Clinical Laboratory				2
   	BLD	450	Eukaryotic Pathogens				3
   	BLD	455	Integrating Clinical Laboratory Science Discipline (W)				2
   	BLD	471	Advanced Clinical Chemistry Laboratory				3
   	BLD	472	Advanced Clinical Chemistry				1
   	BLD	473	Advanced Clinical Hematology and Body Fluids Laboratory				3
   	BLD	474	Advanced Clinical Hematology and Body Fluids				1
   	BLD	475	Advanced Clinical Immunology and Immunohematology Laboratory				2
   	BLD	476	Advanced Clinical Immunology and Immunohematology				1
   	BLD	477	Advanced Clinical Microbiology Laboratory				3
   	BLD	478	Advanced Clinical Microbiology				1
   	BLD	498	Focused Problems in Clinical Laboratory Science				2
   	BLD	498L	Infectious Disease Diagnostic Laboratory				1
   	During the clinical practicum, usually two semesters, the student may be required to relocate and/or commute to a clinical laboratory in an affiliated clinical facility.